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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Unit Layout
 Background knowledge
 Energy- where does it all come from?
 Review of Ecological Terms
 Food webs, food chains, and the transfer of energy
in ecosystems. All starts with sunlight and plants.
 ATP and ADP processes
 Photosynthesis
 Anatomy and functions of a plant.
 Process of photosynthesis and the importance of the
chloroplast.
 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
 Bringing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration and
the relationship they have together.
ENERGY
How do we obtain our energy? _________________________________
The two main sources of energy are:
__________________________________________________________
Energy is only usable
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
• Energy for living things comes from ___________.
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
• Originally, the energy in food comes from the
_______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________.
Let’s review some terminology:
• Ecology______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Organism-_____________________________________________
• Species______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Population______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Community______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Ecosystem______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Biome______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Biosphere-_____________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
• Biodiversity-___________________________________________
• Abiotic- ______________________________________________
• Biotic-________________________________________________
• Keystone species______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Producers or Autotrophs______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Consumers or Heterotrophs______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Types of Consumers:
• Herbivores-___________________________________
• Carnivores-___________________________________
• Omnivores-___________________________________
• Detritivores-__________________________________
• Decomposers-_________________________________
Energy Flow
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
• Food Web______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
• Food Chain______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
How does the energy from the sun flow through an ecosystem?
 ______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 Example- _____________________________________________
 Carnivores are the highest, herbivores are second, and producers
are the first.
Break it down further:
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Draw the arrows and write
the names of the organisms
just like the PowerPoint
shows!
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
How does the energy get distributed from trophic level to trophic level?
 We know that ecosystems get their energy from sunlight, which
then provides the energy for photosynthesis to occur. That energy
then flows up the food chain.
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
How does life continue?
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
How do organisms lose energy?
 ______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
Example Grass -> Prairie Dog -> Coyote
st
 1 - Grass=Photosynthesis traps energy as carbohydrates =
ENERGY!
nd
 2 Prairie dog eats the grass. The prairie dog uses some of the
energy to grow; some is used to fuel cellular respiration.
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
ATP / ADP- OUR MAIN ENERGY CURRENCY
ATP-_____________________________
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Cells Use ATP to:
1. __________________________________
2. __________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
3. __________________________________
ATP is made up of:
 _____________________
 _____________________
 _____________________
ATP has 3 phosphate groups:
 _____________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
How is ATP made? _________________________________________
How are sugars made?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
ATP in action- This is how it works 
Step 1___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Step 2___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Step 3___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Step 4___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Step 5- ____________________________________________________
What is needed to change ADP into ATP?
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Importance of ATP:
 _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Swallow your food and then digestion takes place (NOT THAT FAST OF
COURSE!). Does each type of food have the same amount of calories?
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
NO!!!
Different foods have different calories, therefore provide different
amounts of ATP.
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Summary:
 _______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
We know that plants use photosynthesis, but what about organisms that
live in the deep sea, where there isn’t any sunlight?
Chemosynthesis-
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
Plant Anatomy & Photosynthesis
Do plants need ATP?
 YES!!!!!!
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
 Plants make their own food through photosynthesis where they
breakdown sugars -> ATP
Photosynthesis is defined as:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Location- __________________________________________________
Chloro =____________________________
Phyll=______________________________
Plast=______________________________
Before we dive into the process we
need to look at the anatomy of plant
to fully understand how a plant can
photosynthesize!!! Let’s start with the
outside and work our way in!!!
Anatomy of a Flower
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Female parts: _______________________________________________
Male parts:_________________________________________________
Petals:_____________________________________________________
Anther:____________________________________________________
Filament-__________________________________________________
Ovule-____________________________________________________
Sepals-____________________________________________________
Receptacle-_________________________________________________
Stem-_____________________________________________________
Stigma-____________________________________________________
Style-_____________________________________________________
Ovary-____________________________________________________
Two Types of Seed Plants
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Leaves:
 ______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Basic Structure of Leaves:
 Blade- collects the sunlight
 Petiole- stem that holds the leaf blade up
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Upper portion / top of the leaf:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Bottom portion of the leaf:
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
Guard Cells:
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 Potassium ions accumulate in the guard cells and when there is a
high concentration of K+ it causes water to flow into the cells.
When the plant is full of water, the guard cells plump up and open
the stomata.
Factors that affect the stomata and guard cells:
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Plants Tissues- 4 Types
 Ground Tissue-> most common, three different types based on
their cell walls.
a) Parenchyma cells_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
b) Collenchymal cells_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
c) Sclerenchyma_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
 Dermal Tissue-> Serves as cover and protection
a) Epidermis cells-____________________________________
b) Guard Cells_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Vascular Tissue -> xylem and phloem
 ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
 ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Xylem
Phloem
 Meristematic Tissue-> growth tissue
a) Cell division occurs
b) Turns into ground, dermal, or vascular
c) Apical meristem_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
d) Lateral meristem_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
Seeds:
 Monocots= one seed
 Dicots= two seeds
 Seed Coat- ____________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
 Embryo:
a) Epicotyl- _________________________________________
b) Hypocotyl- _______________________________________
c) Radicle_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
d) Cotyledon or Endosperm- ____________________________
Germination allows the seed to turn into a plant:
st
1 ________________________________________________________
nd
2 ________________________________________________________
rd
3 ________________________________________________________
th
4 ________________________________________________________
th
5
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Roots and Stems




_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
They have specialized organs to carry out these three functions.
o 1. Epidermis- covers the outside surface of the root
 Has root hairs= increases surface area and allow for
more water to be absorbed. They are constantly being
replaced.
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
o 2. Cortex- makes up most of the root-> stores starch (sugars)
in the parenchymal cells.
o 3. Endodermis- tightly packed ring of cells.
 Has suberin, a waxy band that surrounds each
endodermis cell in a barrier where water can’t pass
through called the ________________________->
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Root Growth:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Stems:
 _____________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________
Tree Rings:






Type of secondary growth
Form due to uneven growth over the seasons.
Age of the tree is done by counting the rings
Lighter cell bands =spring growth
Darker bands = later season growth
During good growing seasons the rings are thicker
A little review and extra notes:
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
 Photosynthetic tissue= Palisade mesophyll
 Allows carbon dioxide and oxygen in and out of the stomata=
Spongy mesophyll
 Phloem- transports sugars produced by photosynthesis
 Xylem- carries water and nutrients from soil to leaves.
 Guard cells open and close the stomata
Physiological Processes- Transpiration,
Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration
Transpiration:
 ________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Rate of Transpiration:
 _______________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
______________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
 _______________________________________________
 ________________________________________________
______________________________________________
Photosynthesis:
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
 _______________________________________________
 _______________________________________________
Equation=
___________________________________________________
Functions of Photosynthesis:
 1. Biochemical Process
 2. Plant Cells only
 3. Plant growth and development
 4. Builds plant cell walls= cellulose
 5. Helps regulate the Earth’s environment
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 6. Removes CO2 from the air
CHLOROPLAST
Three Main Parts:
 1. Grana- ____________________________________________
 2. Thylakoid______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 3. Stroma______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Chlorophyll:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
* Green color in plants comes from the reflection of light’s green
wavelengths by chlorophyll.
SO LET’S BEGINFIRST- The sunlight hits the leaves and CO2 is let in through the
stomata (little pores) while H2O is let in through the roots.
Broken down into two reactions in the chloroplast!
Light Dependent Reactions or
Light Reactions
Light Independent Reactions or
Dark Reactions
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
The Whole Process in Simple Terms:
1. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
4. ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Questions to Review.
1. Where do light- dependent reactions occur? _________________
2. Where do the light independent reactions occur?______________
3. What two reactants are shown entering the chloroplast? ________
4. What two products are shown leaving the chloroplast? _________
5. What does the Calvin Cycle produce? ______________________
Now that we have a brief overview let’s look at it in a little more detail
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Stage 1 in detail!!!
Light Dependent Reactions:
 Main function: capture and transfer energy.
 _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
 ________________ is broken down into hydrogen ions, electrons,
and oxygen gas. Oxygen is a waste product and sugars are not
made at this point.
 Energy is transferred to ________________
 Electrons are used for
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 Energy-> ___________-> _______________ and
____________________ (transferred to the later stages).
 Arrow represent energy and enzymes.
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Light Dependent Reaction Steps (1-3= Photosystem 2 and ETC) (4-7
=Photosystem 1 and energy carrying molecules).
1.
2.
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
3.
4.
5.
Electrons jump from protein to
protein down the ETC and their
energy is used to pump the
Hydrogen ions from outside to
inside the thylakoid membrane
(against the concentration gradient
= ACTIVE TRANSPORT)
6.
Photosystems occur
out of order because
photosystem 1 was
discovered before 2.
Both occur
simultaneously.
7.
Second Stage in Detail= Light Independent Cycle / Calvin Cycle
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 Does not need sunlight.
 Produces sugars and occurs in the stroma.
 Energy sources are ____________ and _______________
 Energy that is needed for a series of chemical reactions is called
the ___________________, named after the
scientist________________________.
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 ______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 A high-energy three-carbon molecule leaves the cycle
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
2.
1.
4.
3.
3.
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Review Questions
 1. Where do the light reactions occur?_____________________
 2. Where do the electrons come from in the ETC?______________
 3. What role do these electrons
play?_________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
 4. What two energy carriers are produced?___________________
 5. When does active transport take place? ___________________
 6. What enzyme speeds up the process? _____________________
 7. Where in the chloroplast do light independent reactions
occur?_______________________________________________
 8. Where does the ATP and NADPH come from for the light
independent reactions? __________________________________
 9. What does the LDR make?___________ What does the LIR
make?______________________
 10. How many cycles or turns does it take to make one glucose
molecule?_______________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Equation for Photosynthesis:
__________________________________________________________
PROCESS
LOCATION
Light Dependent
Reactions
REACTANTS
PRODUCTS
Photosystems
Light
Independent
Reactions
Calvin Cycle
Cellular Respiration
Defined as:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
By the time you reach 16 you have taken about 200 million breaths.
* Animals use _____________________________
* Plants use _______________________________
* Breakdown food ->________________________
* Aerobic= ________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
* Anaerobic=_______________________________
* Takes place in the ________________________
Draw the process of Glycolysis
GLYCOLYSIS
* _________________________________________________________________
*_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
*Anaerobic= no oxygen required
*_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
*_________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
*_________________________________________________________________
What is pyruvate?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
2 Stages:
1. Stage 1= Krebs Cycle
2. Stage 2= Electron Transport
3.
Stage 1- Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
 Also known as the Citric Acid Cycle because it’s the first molecule
formed.
Step 1:
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
Step 2
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 Acetyl-CoA is one of the most important molecules in the body
because all nutrients (carbs, lipids, and proteins) generate it when
they break down. This molecule is produced in large amounts and
is pumped into the Kreb’s cycle if the body is in need of energy, or
into synthesis of fat to be stored for later use.
Step 3- Citric Acid is formed. The two carbon molecule binds with a four
carbon molecule to make a six carbon molecule which is called citric
acid.
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Step 4 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
Step 5 Five carbon molecule is broken down
 Four carbon molecule, ATP, and NADH are formed.
 NADH leaves the Krebs cycle
Step 6:
 Four carbon molecules are rearranged
 High energy electrons are released
 NADH and FADH2 (electron carrier) are made
So far just from one pyruvate molecule:




3 molecules of CO2 have been given off
1 molecule of ATP
4 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC
1 molecule of FADH2 to the ETC
If Glycolysis produced two pyruvate molecules, how much of each
product do we have?
_____ molecules of CO2 have been given off
_____ molecules of ATP
_____ molecules of NADH2 to the ETC
_____ molecules of FADH2 to the ETC
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Stage 2- Electron Transport
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Step 1=
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Step 2 Proteins use energy from the electrons to pump the hydrogen ions
through the inner membrane and the hydrogen ions build up on
the inside of the membrane.
Step 3 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
Step 4 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
End Result / Products of Cellular Respiration:
 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
o ________________________________________________________
o ________________________________________________________
o ________________________________________________________
Photosynthesis
Location
Reactants
Products
Electron
Transport
Chain
Cycle of
chemical
reaction
Cellular Respiration
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
FERMENTATION
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
With Oxygen
Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
No Oxygen
Fermentation
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Lactic Acid Fermentation
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 _____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
 When oxygen is available your cells return to using cellular
respiration and the lactic acid is broken down / removed. This is
why you breathe heavy after exercising and it takes a few minutes
to recover because your body is trying to recover from the oxygen
depletion in your muscle cells.
Alcoholic Fermentation
 Forms the same way as the other two: Glycolysis splits a molecule
of glucose to make 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, and 2 NADH molecules.
 Occurs in many yeasts- CO2 causes the dough to rise
 End product is CO2, NAD+, and ethyl alcohol
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Stahl- Unit 4 Biology
Uses of Fermentation:
1. _______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
3. _______________________________________