Chapter 9
Intelligence
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited
What is Intelligence?
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Intelligence
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Verbal ability, problem-solving skills, and
the ability to adapt to and learn from life’s
everyday experiences
Individual differences
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The stable, consistent ways in which
people are different from each other
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Intelligence Tests: Reliability
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Reliability
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The extent to which a test yields a
consistent, reproducible measure of
performance
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Intelligence Tests: Reliability
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Test-retest reliability
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The extent to which a test yields the same
measure of performance when an
individual is given the test on two different
occasions
Alternate forms reliability
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The extent to which giving alternate forms
of the same test on two different occasions
yields the same measure of performance
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Intelligence Tests: Reliability
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Split-half reliability
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Dividing the items into two halves, such as
the first half of the test and the second half
of the test
Individual’s scores on the two halves are
compared to determine how consistently
they performed
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Intelligence Tests: Validity
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Validity
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The extent to which a test measures what
it is intended to measure
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Intelligence Tests: Validity
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Content validity
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A test’s ability to test a broad range of the
content that is to be measured
Criterion validity
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The test’s ability to predict an individual’s
performance when assessed by other
measures, or criteria, of the attribute
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Types of Criterion Validity
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Concurrent validity
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Assesses the relation of a test’s scores to
a criterion that is presently available
Predictive validity
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Assesses the relation of a test’s scores to
an individual’s performance at a point in
the future
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Standardization
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Standardization
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Developing uniform procedures for
administering and scoring a test, as well
as creating norms for the test
Norms
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Established standards of performance for
a test
Allow the test constructor to determine the
distribution of test scores
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The Binet Tests
IQ = MA x 100
CA
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The Normal Distribution
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Aptitude and Achievement Tests
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Aptitude tests
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Tests that predict an individual’s ability to
learn a skill or what the individual can
accomplish with training, for example, the
Canadian Test of Cognitive Skills
Achievement tests
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Tests that measure what a person has
learned or the skills the person has
mastered, for example, the Canadian
Achievement Tests
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Multiple Intelligences
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Two-factor theory (Spearman)
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Individuals have both a general
intelligence (g) and a number of specific
intelligences (s)
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Multiple Intelligences
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Multiple-factor theory (Thurstone)
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Verbal comprehension
Number ability
Word fluency
Spatial visualization
Associative memory
Reasoning
Perceptual speed
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Contemporary Approaches
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Gardner’s Seven Intelligences:
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Musical intelligence
Bodily kinesthetic intelligence
Logical-math intelligence
Linguistic intelligence
Spatial intelligence
Interpersonal intelligence
Intrapersonal intelligence
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Contemporary Approaches
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Issues in Intelligence
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Heredity
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Genetics and heritability
Environment
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Increasing IQ scores over time
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Issues in Intelligence
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Douglas Wahlsten
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Heredity and environment are not additive
factors
Heredity and environment are interactive
or multiplicative factors
Thus, the influence of heredity and
environment is bidirectional
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Culture and Ethnicity
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Cultural and ethnic comparisons
Cultural bias in intelligence tests
Culture-fair tests
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Intelligence tests that are intended to be
culturally unbiased
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Extremes of Intelligence
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Mental retardation
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A condition of limited mental ability in
which an individual has a low IQ (usually
below 70 on a traditional intelligence test),
has difficulty adapting to every day life,
and has an onset of these characteristics
by age 18
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Mental Retardation
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Organic retardation
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Mental retardation caused by a genetic
disorder or brain damage
Cultural-family retardation
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A mental deficit in which no evidence of
organic brain damage can be found
IQs range from 55-70
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Giftedness
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Giftedness
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Having above-average intelligence (an IQ
of 120 or higher) and/or a superior talent
for something
Characteristics of gifted children
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Precocity
Marching to their own drummer
A passion to master
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Creativity
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What is creativity?
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The ability to think about something in
novel and unusual ways and to come up
with unique solutions to problems
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Creativity
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Convergent thinking
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Thinking that produces one correct answer
Characteristic of the kind of thinking
required on conventional intelligence tests
Divergent thinking
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Thinking that produces many answers to
the same questions
Characteristic of creativity
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Creativity
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Steps in the creative process
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Preparation
Incubation
Insight
Evaluation
Elaboration
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Creativity
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Characteristics of creative thinkers
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Flexibility and playful thinking
Inner motivation
Willingness to risk
Objective evaluation of work
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Creativity
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Living a more creative life
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Try to be surprised by something every day
Try to surprise at least one person every
day
Write down each day what surprised you
and how you surprised others
When something sparks your interest,
follow it
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
Creativity
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Living a more creative life
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Wake up in the morning with a specific goal
to look forward to
Take charge of your schedule
Spend time in settings that stimulate your
creativity
Copyright © 2001 by McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited.
End of Chapter 9
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