英语教学手册
电子信息与电气工程学院
国际化与校友联络办公室
2012 年 3 月 24 日
目 录
1 课堂用语: ................................................... 1
1.1 提出问题 Problems ............................. 1
1.2 概念解释 Concepts ............................. 2
1.3 分类介绍 Classifications ............... 5
1.4 举例印证 Examples ............................. 5
1.5 课堂衔接 Connections ....................... 6
1.6 常用短语 Phrases ............................... 8
1.7 课堂总结 Summary ............................... 8
2 术语表达: ................................................ 12
2.1 逻辑 Logic ......................................... 12
2.2 条件设置 Sets .................................. 12
2.3 实数 Real Numbers ........................... 12
2.4 线性代数 Linear Algebra ............... 14
2.5 函数 Functions ................................. 14
英语教学手册
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课堂用语:
1.1 提出问题 Problems
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of
an xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. An unanswered question …
3. As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a
process planning point of view will be discussed.
4. As discussed [in the previous this]/[preciously],…;
5. Developed an algorithm to…
6. Fetch the information from the model directly has great
potential/yet to be resolved / spurred the development of /…;
7. I think that we have made tremendous progress since 1968 and
that the development of …
8. The answers to key questions provides an introduction to
software engineering.
9. Lifting tasks involve complex and imprecise relationship
between the task variables and the human operator's characteristics.
10. Meet the needs of real life production.
11. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
12. Point out that the problem of…
13. The current demands are placed upon it.
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14. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the…
15. This review is followed by an introduction..
16. This paper analyses problems in…
17. This gives the background of the problem which includes
xxx…
18. This discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural
language understanding.
19. The scope of this contribution was to introduce a xx method.
20. This paper includes an illustration of the...
21. The objectives of this chapter are to introduce software
engineering and to provide a framework for understanding the rest of the
book. When you have read this chapter, you will…
1.2 概念解释 Concepts
1. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
2. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
3. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are
presented and justified.
4. An outline of the research…
5. A nice modular structure…
6. A xx system comprises three main components…
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7. A fuzzy set procedure is proposed to solve xx selection problems
interwoven with imprecise data.
8. Contains all information necessary to describe…
9. Developed a system called ... which…
10. As described…
11. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function
by which…
12. Information is incorporated within the scheme…
13. Is built into ... structure…
14. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems…
15. This explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in
terms of fuzzy time window.
16. This describes the system itself in a general way, including
the ... and also discusses how to…
17. This describes a new measure of xx.
18. The main idea of the xxx is described in xxx, while this
describes the xx strategies.
19. The method of using xx to implement xx described by XX
appeared more suitable.
20. The fundamental concept of a fuzzy rating language is that we
can establish a relationship among terms such as high, medium, and low,
and then modify these relationships.
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21. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial
world.
22. This examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy
mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx
measures.
23. This describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
24. This paper provides an overview and information useful for
approaching…
25. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and to
versatile xx algorithms.
26. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx.
27. The proposed method / underlying principle…
28. We shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ...
scheme must satisfy.
29. We have attempted to introduce some concepts associated with
a theory of xx based on.
30. XX are presented the block diagram expression of a whole
model.
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1.3 分类介绍 Classifications
1.
A
good
process
plan
will
result
exhibiting
several
characteristics…
2. Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following…
3. Can be broadly classified into the following areas…
4. Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing
the…
5. The following steps should be followed…
6. XX can be classified by a different ways.
1.4 举例印证 Examples
1. An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are
compared with a xx…
2. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational
procedure;
3. Along with the use of…
4. Must decompose the original… into a set of…
5. Once... is written, it is compiled into...
6. The data used in the following example was taken from an
experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx
technique.
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7. The following example is constructed only for the purpose of
illustrating the computational procedure discussed.
8. This gives a specific example of xxx.
9. This illustrates the model with an example.
10. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
11. Will be available/ performed/ overlooked…
1.5 课堂衔接 Connections
1. Build up the key link…;
2. Began a new era in …;
3. Can be regarded as / achieved / used to / for / found / obtained
through…;
4. Characterized the ... system as…
5. Consists of the following steps…
6. Determine the total requirements for the ...;
7. Details on xx and xx will be discussed later;
8. The xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are
evaluated;
9. For later use in generating...
10. For the sake of convenience…
11. It also provides information to ..
12. It becomes essential to…
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13. Let ... be the probability that…
14. Production information in order to simultaneously…
15. Satisfy the needs
16. Suppose it is observed that…
17. This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and
purchasing.
18. This article will thus mention the latter as well as the former.
19. This proceeds as follow.
20. This paper analyses problems in…
21. The structure is as follows.
22. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
23. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
24. The number of parts needed to…
25. The above statement means that…
26. The output data is passed to …
27. The recommendations made in this report, if implemented,
should…
28. This is because…
29. Upon completion of the ... analysis…
30. Uses ... as a key to search for...
31. Without relying on…
32. We focus on the need for…
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1.6 常用短语 Phrases
1. Due to…
2. Deals with…;
3. Has shown / showed…
4. Highlights…
5. Illustrated…
6. Indicated…
7. In turn,…
8. Makes use of…
9. Make up…
10. Play an important role…
11. Proposed…
12. Presented…
13. Relates to…
14. Rely on...
15. State that…
1.7 课堂总结 Summary
1. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and
xxx is…
2. Applied ... techniques to…
3. Concerning general aspects of…
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4. can result in…;
5. Correct decision to be reach…
6. In conclusion to this, it becomes obvious that the problem of xx
lies not only in...;
7. Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more…
8. IT is believed / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite
evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to…
9. Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be
applied are xx, xx, etc;
10. From the discussion, one may conclude that ...;
11. Form the above discussion, the conclusion can be reached
that…;
12. It can be claimed/concluded that…
13. It demonstrates the decisions required of…
14. Results of an experimental application of this xx analysis
procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
15. Selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation
plans, is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly.
16. Software engineering has markedly improved our software.
17. This reviews relevant research related to xx.
18. This demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the
analysis of xx.
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19. This is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human
decision.
20. This is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy
decision rules.
21. This shows experimental studies for verifying the proposed
model.
22. This discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost
variance investigation.
23. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria.
24. This is summarized in the following steps…
25. The data consists of over xx measurements.
26. The relationships appear very complicate…
27. These methods are based on the relationship between ... and ...
28. The former two bear a close relation to a fuzzy Cartesian
product.
29. Two major problems have yet to be addressed…
30. The conclusions drawn are also valid…
31.The experimental research results will hopefully serve as useful
feedback information for improvements for xx work.
32. This is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of
memory process.
33. This contains a discussion of the implication of the results of.
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34. This applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and
illustrates its use on experimental data.
35. This presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set
model.
36. This contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further
work.
37. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
38. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy
relations.
39. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a
decision.
40. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy
phases of : xx,xx
41. This information resides in…
42. This process is composed of ... different ... operation…
43. This results in a…
44. Various ways of fuzzification and the reasons for their choice
are discussed very briefly in.
45. XX end with failure…
46. XX is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
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英语教学手册
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术语表达:
2.1 逻辑 Logic
 : there exist;
 : for any;
p  q : p implies q || if p, then q;
p  q : p if and only if q || p is equivalent to q || p and q are
equivalent;
2.2 条件设置 Sets
x  A : x belongs to A || x is an element (or a member) of A;
x  A:
x does not belongs to A || x is not an element (or a member)
of A;
A  B : A is contained in B || A is a subset of B;
A  B : A contains B || B is a subset of A;
A  B : A cap B || A meet B || A intersection B;
A  B : A cup B || A join B || A union B;
A \ B : A minus B || the difference between A and B;
A  B : A cross B || the cartesian product of A and B;
2.3 实数 Real Numbers
x  1: x plus one;
x 1: x minus one;
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x  1: x plus or minus one;
xy : xy || x multiplied by y;
( x  y )( x  y ) : x
minus y, x plus y;
x
: x over y;
y
 : the equals sign;
x  5 : x equals 5 || x is equal to 5;
x  5 : x (is) not equal to 5;
x  y : x is equivalent to (or identical with) y;
x  y : x is greater than y;
x  y : x is greater than or equal to y;
x  y : x is less than y;
x  y : x is less than or equal to y;
0  x  1 : zero is less than x is less than 1;
0  x  1 : zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1;
| x | : mod
x || modulus x
x2 : x
squared || x (raised) to the power 2;
x3 : x
cubed || x to the power 3;
x4 : x
to the fourth || x to the power four;
xn : x
to the nth || x to the power n;
xn : x
to the (power) minus n;
x : (square) root x || the square root of x;
3
x : cube root (of) x;
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x : fourth root (of) x;
n
x : nth root (of) x;
( x  y)2 : x plus y all squared;
x
( )2 : x over y all squared;
y
n! : n factorial;
x̂ : x hat;
x : x bar;
xi : xi || x subscript I || x suffix I || x sub I;
n
a :
i 1
i
the sum from I equals one to n a I || the sum as i runs from
1 to n of the a I;
2.4 线性代数 Linear Algebra
x : the norm (or modulus) of x;
a : vector a;
a : the length of the segment a;
AT : A transpose || the transpose of A;
A1 : A inverse || the inverse of A;
2.5 函数 Functions
f ( x ) : fx
|| f of x || the function f of x;
f :S T
: a function from S to T;
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英语教学手册
x  y : x maps to y || x is sent (or mapped) to y;
f '( x) :
f prime x || f dash x || the (first) derivative of f with respect
f ''( x) :
f double-prime x || f double-dash x || the second derivative
to x;
of f with respect to x;
f '''( x) :
f triple-prime x || f triple-dash x || the third derivative of f
with respect to x;
f (4) ( x) : f four x || the fourth derivative f with respect to x;
f
: the partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1;
x1
f
:the second partial (derivative) of f with respect to x1 and x2
x1x2


0
:the integral from zero to infinity
lim : the limit as x approaches zero;
x 0
lim : the limit as x approaches zero from above;
x 0
lim : the limit as x approaches zero from below;
x  0
ln y : log
y to the base e || log to the base e of y || natural log (of) y;
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