KS4 Physical
Education
Prevention of Injury
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Learning objectives
Learning objectives
What we will learn in this presentation:
What factors cause injuries
Safety precautions which prevent injuries
The importance of choosing correct clothing,
footwear and equipment for different sports
How body conditioning helps to prepare the body
for activity
Why and how we should warm-up and cool-down
The need for balancing competition according to
grading, skill levels, weight, age and gender
The importance of rules and laws in sport and the
role of officials in preventing injuries.
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What causes injury?
Injury can be caused by internal or external factors:
Internal factors
These are factors to do with the performer
themselves, for example lack of proper
conditioning, poor technique or failure to
complete an effective warm-up or cool-down.
External factors
These are factors from outside that affect a
performer on the day, for example the
condition of the playing area, the equipment
used and the actions of competitors.
How can risks from these factors be minimized?
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What causes injury?
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What happens in your PE lessons?
Think about the safety precautions that are taken in your PE
lessons. These may include:
Kit checks
Pitch inspection
Use of safety equipment
like crash mats
Instructions about
technique and
safety
A warm-up and cool-down
Which of these procedures are followed before every lesson?
Which additional procedures are followed before:
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Rugby?
Athletics?
Cricket?
Football?
Tennis?
Netball?
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Before the game
Many precautions must be taken before participation.
Make a list of everything you can think of that can be done
before sport to prevent injury, then look at the selection below.
Correct
technique
Inspection
of playing
conditions
Correct clothing
Training
Fitness, strength
and flexibility
Pre-event
precautions
Kit
Warm-up
Appropriate equipment
in good condition
Describe the importance of each item.
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Correct clothing – what not to wear
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Correct clothing – what you should wear
What should you wear?
Generally speaking, you should
wear comfortable clothing that
allows a full range of movement.
Warm clothing should be worn
before competing. During the
activity you need clothing that will
keep you the correct temperature.
Protective gear appropriate to the activity
should be worn. Some dangerous sports
require protective equipment like body
armour, gum shields or helmets.
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Correct clothing
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Correct equipment
The equipment you play
with needs to be in good
condition, up-to-date and
used correctly.
What are the
possible issues
around using the
items shown
opposite?
Javelin
5-a-side
goal
Gym mats
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Fit to play
It is said that:
‘You must make sure
that you are fit to play
sport and don’t just play
sport to get fit’
What does this mean?
Body conditioning is important in preventing injury. An athlete
should prepare their body for the demands of their activity.
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Body conditioning
One way of preparing your
body for sport is weight
training. Weight training can:
increase tendon strength
increase ligament strength
increase bone strength.
Tougher tendons, ligaments
and bones are harder to
damage, therefore the risk of
injury is reduced.
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Body conditioning
Some sports require a high
degree of flexibility.
Flexibility training can help
participants to prepare for
sports like gymnastics, diving,
martial arts and climbing,
where the body is required
to perform extreme movements.
Increasing a participant’s range of movement reduces
the risk of injuries like sprained and pulled muscles.
The easiest way to increase flexibility is by stretching.
Yoga and similar activities can also help.
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Body conditioning
Endurance training can
also help to prevent injury.
Improved fitness helps to prevent performers
becoming excessively fatigued during their activity.
Fatigue is associated with
problems like cramp and
dehydration.
Fatigue can also lead to a
loss of proper technique,
causing injuries.
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What could happen
to a rock climber if
they became very
fatigued?
What could happen
to a swimmer?
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Body conditioning
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Correct technique
Poor technique can lead to injury.
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It can cause you to have
a sudden accident like a
crash or a fall.
Over a long period, poor technique
in sports like rowing and weightlifting
can cause strains or joint damage.
Think of four sports where injuries can be
caused by poor technique.
What sort of injuries could be caused?
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Warm-up
By warming-up properly you will reduce the risk of soft
tissue injuries like pulled muscles, strains and sprains.
The aim of a good warm-up is to gradually prepare the body
for exercise. This is done by:
increasing body temperature,
making muscles, tendons and
ligaments more elastic
stretching to increase the range
of movement around joints.
A thorough warm-up should consist of three main stages:
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Warm-up
Stage 1: light aerobic work
Light continuous activity such as slow jogging, is used to
increase heart rate and blood flow. Muscles, ligaments and
synovial fluid in the joints are warmed, increasing flexibility.
Stage 2: stretches
Stretching the main muscle groups and joints increases their
elasticity and mobility so that they are less likely to be strained.
Stage 3: specific stretches and skills-related exercises
The final stretches and exercises will tackle the muscles that
come under particular stress during the planned activity, for
example, a javelin thrower may do some throws at 50% of
maximum effort.
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Warm-up
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Balanced competition
Would you allow these two individuals to compete
against each other in a boxing match? Why not?
In order to make a competition safe for participants,
it is important that the organizers balance it.
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Balanced competition
It is particularly important in contact sports that competitors
are reasonably evenly matched. This reduces the risk of
injury to younger or weaker competitors.
There are many different ways of balancing competition.
AGE
GENDER
Many sports have junior
leagues or competitions.
Women and men compete
separately in most sports.
SKILL
WEIGHT
Most sports have
separate competitions
for beginners.
Many combative sports like
boxing and wrestling have
different weight divisions.
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The rules of the game
Rules and laws in sport are not just there to ensure fair play
– they are also designed to protect participants.
The rules of each sport depend on a number of factors,
including the level of contact and the equipment used.
Think of how the rules in the following
sports help to protect participants.
1. Ice hockey
2. Boxing
3. Track cycling
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The rules of the game
Referees and officials play an important role in ensuring
safety, by enforcing the rules.
There are a number of ways in which
offending players can be dealt with:
1. Warning from the referee
2. Advantage/points given to
opponents
3. Sending players off, either
permanently or temporarily.
4. Disciplinary proceedings,
including lengthy bans.
How do these punishments help to improve safety?
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The rules of the game
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The rules of the game: a case study
During the 2005 Lions rugby tour
of New Zealand, Brian O’Driscoll,
the Lions captain, suffered a
dislocated shoulder when he
was tackled by two New Zealand
players.
Video footage later showed
that O’Driscoll had been lifted
off his feet and driven into
the ground head-first in what
is termed a ‘spear-tackle’
Why is this type of tackle
particularly dangerous?
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The rules of the game: a case study
The IRB rules state that:
“A player must not tackle an
opponent early, late or dangerously.”
Although the evidence emerged too late to take action
against the New Zealand players, the footage was
presented to a conference of referees.
Referees have been instructed to be vigilant against this
kind of tackle and punish offenders harshly.
Players found guilty of spear-tackling can be suspended for
up to 6 months.
Do you think that this will deter players from
spear-tackling opponents?
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Is the playing area safe?
Before sporting activity commences, teachers or match
officials must check that the playing area is safe.
Pitches must be checked for glass and other sharp objects,
and sports halls need to be checked for wet or damaged floors.
What other factors
could affect the
playing area?
For each of the following sports, consider the safety
implications of freezing temperatures, strong winds
and the permanent fixtures required (e.g., goals, nets).
Javelin
Rugby
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Sailing
Long jump
Basketball
Ski jumping
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Cool-down
A proper cool-down after activity
prevents muscles and joints
becoming stiff and sore.
It helps you to recover more
quickly so that you are ready to
take part in activity again sooner.
A cool-down should consist of
some light aerobic work followed
by stretches.
Keeping the blood moving prevents
it pooling in the limbs which can
cause light-headedness. Stretching
helps to disperse lactic acid.
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Preventing injury
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Exam-style questions
1. Pablo is about to play volleyball in a sports hall.
a) List three things that he should do before
playing to reduce the risk of injury.
b) Explain the importance of body
conditioning in preventing injury.
Pablo often has stiff hamstrings the day after playing.
c) How could Pablo prevent this?
2. Explain the roles of rules and officials in ensuring the
safety of competitors.
3. Give a detailed description of a warm-up that is
appropriate for a squash player.
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Glossary of keywords
Warm-up
Cool-down
Blood pooling
Correct technique
Body conditioning
Balanced competition
Flexibility
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