vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ABSTRAK
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES
x
LIST OF FIGURES
xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Research Background
1
1.2 Problem Statement
3
1.3 Objectives
4
1.4 Scopes of the Project
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
6
2.1 What is Ozone ?
6
2.2 Methods in Generating Ozone
8
2.2.1
Corona discharge method
8
2.2.2
Ultra violet (UV) radiation method
9
2.2.3
Electrolysis method
10
viii
2.3 Applications of Ozone
2.3.1
Water treatment and purification
12
2.3.2
Sterilization process
13
2.3.3
Decolorization process
14
2.3.4
Odor treatment
14
2.4 Electrical Discharges in Ozone Generation
3
4
12
15
2.4.1
Dielectric barrier discharge technique
16
2.4.2
Pulsed streamer discharge technique
21
2.5 Research Progress on Ozone Generation
24
2.6 What is Lightning?
29
2.6.1
Lightning in nature
30
2.6.2
Mechanism of lightning stroke
32
2.6.3
Characteristics of lightning stroke
33
METHODOLOGY
35
3.1 Pspice Software
35
3.2 Process of Analysis
36
3.3 Development of Lightning Waveform 1.2/50 µs
36
3.4 Designation of Ozone Chamber
39
3.5 Experimental Set-Up
41
3.6 Ozone Concentration Measurement
47
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
48
4.1 Development of Lightning Waveform (1.2/50 µs) from
48
Simulation
4.2 Development of Lightning Waveform (1.2/50 µs) from
50
Experimental
4.3 Ozone Generation by Dielectric Barrier Discharge
51
Technique
4.4 Ozone Generation by Pulse Streamer Discharge
Technique
56
ix
5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS
58
5.1 Conclusion
58
5.2 Recommendations for Future Work
59
REFERENCES
Appendix A-B
61
66-67
x
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Concentration of ozone in ppmv when flow rate is fixed
53
4.2
Concentration of ozone in ppmv when peak input voltage
55
is fixed
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
2.1
TITLE
Schematic arrangement of a corona discharge ozone
PAGE
9
generator
2.2
UV destruction of ozone
10
2.3
Electrolytic ozone generator cell design
11
2.4
The chemistry of odor control
15
2.5
Dielectric barrier discharge electrode configuration
17
2.6
Pulse streamer discharge arrangement
21
2.7
The process of evaporation and condensation of water
32
cycle
2.8
The impulse voltage waveform
34
3.1
Project flow
37
3.2
Single stage impulse generator
37
3.3
Schematic diagram of rotating spark gap
37
3.4
Schematic diagram of discharge chamber
39
3.5
The experimental configuration of discharge chamber
39
3.6
Complete circuit of experimental set up
40
3.7
The arrangement of single impulse voltage generator
41
3.8
The oxygen generator
41
3.9
The ozone analyzer BMT 964
41
3.10
The arrangement in developing ozone
42
3.11
The coaxial cable RG-213/U
43
3.12
5W ceramic resistor
44
3.13
Rotary spark gap
45
3.14
Variac supply
46
xii
4.1
Single stage impulse voltage generator with simulation
49
values
4.2
Lightning waveform for single stage impulse generator
49
4.3
The (a) front and (b) tail time of lightning waveform
50
4.4
AC waveform
52
4.5
Effect of input voltage on concentration of ozone for
53
different air flow rate
4.6
Effect of the air flow rates on ozone concentration at
55
different peak input voltage
4.7
Repetitive pulse of lightning waveform
56
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DBD
-
dielectric barrier discharge
PSD
-
pulse streamer discharge
HV
-
high voltage
UV
-
ultraviolet
xiv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A
-
ampere
AC
-
alternating current
C
-
capacitor
cm/s
-
centimeter per second
DC
-
direct current
g/kWh
-
gram per kilowatt hour
kA
-
kiloamps
kA/µs
-
kiloamps per microsecond
kV
-
kilovolt
kV/cm
-
kilovolt per centimeter
kΩ
-
kilo ohms
l/min
-
litre per minute
mg/L
-
milligram per litre
mm
-
millimeter
nm
-
nanometer
NOx
-
nitrogen oxide
ns
-
nanoseconds
O
-
oxygen atom
O2
-
oxygen molecules
O3
-
ozone
pF
-
picofarad
ppm
-
parts per million
ppmv
-
volume per parts per million
pps
-
pulse repetition rate or pulse per second
R
-
resistor
rpm
-
revolutions per minute
TiO2
-
titanium oxide
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
TITLE
PAGE
A
How much ozone does one lightning strike produce?
66
B
Standard impulse voltage waveform
67