The Pre-History of the House of Wettin
Identification through DNA of the “Kings’ Cluster”
Contents
Deep male-line ancestry before 2500 BC
2
The DF98 Kings’ Cluster in context: our Bronze age cousins 3
Basic family tree of DF98 derived from SNP testing
4
Reconstructed family tree of DF98
Overview & minor branches
The S1911 branch
The S18823 branch
S8350: The House of Wettin from circa 1000 AD
Lost souls which need further testing
5
5
6
7
8
9
Geographical distribution of cluster members
10
The history of U106
Acknowledgements
This deep phylogenic tree of the human population represents our current understanding of the way the human family tree has
divided along its male lines. This is a rapidly-evolving field, thus the information is subject to considerable change over time.
?
? ?
This tree summarises the extensive tree that lies above U106. This shows how U106, which now represents many tens of millions
of men worldwide, branched off from the rest of the human Y-chromosome tree at different points in prehistory.
?
Y-chromosomal Adam
circa 200,000 BC, East Africa
(2) OUT OF AFRICA
A00
A0-T
A0
A1
A1b
Haplogroup BT (B-M42)
circa 70,000 BC, East Africa
The vast majority of people descend through Haplogroup A. In fact, it’s only recently that
researchers discovered our most-distant relations hiding among remote Africa tribes.
Haplogroup BT arose in Africa about 70,000 years ago, when the most of the human population
consisted of a small number of tribes living in the Horn of Africa.
B
DE
circa 48,000 BC, South Asia
H
G
IJ
LT
Haplogroup K2 (K-M526)
before 43,000 BC, Asia
(3) EXPANSION INTO EUROPE
I J
M NO S P Q
R1 (M173)
R1a
R2
(M479)(M420)
Haplogroup R1b (R-M343)
R1a1a
(M417) R1b1b R1b1c
(M335) (V88)
probably after 16,000 BC, North or Central Asia
R1b1=P25
R1b1a=P297, L320
R1b1a1
(M73)
Most of the branches above U106 are minor, however there is one important branch at the level
immediately above U106, signified by the mutation P311. A split exists at this point in our family
tree between the larger P312 branch and the smaller U106 branch.
R1b1a2 (M269)
5350 BC - 3150 BC, Asian Steppe
L23 (R1b1a2a)
L51 (R1b1a2a1a)
L151 (R1b1a2a1a1)
The P312 branch is generally found more on Europe’s Atlantic Coast, while the U106 branch is
generally found more in Europe’s heartland. This has led to P312 being referred to synonymously
with “Celtic” peoples while U106 is “Germanic”. While there is clearly some overlap between
membership of these SNPs and populations, both SNPs originate several thousand years before
these terms are relevant.
L216
Nevertheless, it is the last common ancestor of these two branches, “Mr. P311” whose clan is now
represented by around half of western European men, with a third of a billion diaspora worldwide
(see panel at right). The date of this man’s birth is likely to be during the European Bronze Age,
and the possible range of dates correspond to a series of archeaological horizons spreading
eastwards over Europe at the same time.
Within P311, U106 represents about 1/8th of Europe, or 110 million men worldwide. We estimate
its age to be between 2500 and 4600 years old. We trace what is known about the migrations from
Asia to Europe on the next page.
Haplogroup R (R-M207)
before 22,000 BC, Asia
R1b (M343) is thought to have arisen less than 18,500 years ago. In Europe, it is very much
dominated by R1b1a2, or M269. This group alone makes up over half the population in Western
Europe, and makes up over 90% of some populations. Despite this, its origins are still thought to
have been in western Asian populations, and it came to dominate Europe as it expanded
throughout the continent.
(4) FOUNDING A NEW EUROPEAN POPULATION
This chart shows how the male-line genetic (phylogenic) tree splits from its foundation down to the U106 branch.
Different ages and geographical origins distances are shown on the chart, which should be interpreted carefully.
Where quoted, ages are given as 95.5% confidence intervals, what we call “2-sigma”. We are 95.5% sure that the real
dates lie between these two boundaries. By dividing the uncertainty in half, we can recover the 68.3% confidence
interval, or “1-sigma” range. Dates are rounded to the nearest 50 years. For example, we are 95.5% sure that the U106
founder lived between 3068 BC and 1952 BC. We are 68.3% sure that he lived between 2774 and 2216 BC.
Z2103
R1b1a2a1a1 (P311)
3350 BC - 2100 BC, Central or Eastern Europe
L21
M222
P312
Haplogroup Frequencies in Europe
Haplogroup F (F-M89)
C
Some time not too long after this point, a little over 45,000 years ago, we split from haplogroups
G and I, which appear to form the original modern human population in Europe. This point is
defined by the recently analysed 45,000-year-old remains from western Siberia, from a man
who was haplogroup K (but not haplogroup LT, so near the K2 level).
The date of this expansion into Europe can probably be tied to the sudden growth in the number
of branches below M269, which can be very roughly dated to around 4000 BC. The origin of this
migration and its route into Europe are not well determined at present. However, archeaological
remains show that there was extremely few haplogroup R men in Europe before 2600 BC, when
remains from both R1a and R1b are found in Corded Ware and Bell Beaker burials (respectively)
in south-eastern Germany.
Created by: Dr. Iain McDonald; updated: 17 Nov 2014
This date was calculated using SNP-counting methods which are detailed in the accompanying U106 document.
The human genetic tree continued to diversify and flourish as mankind expanded throughout
Africa. Around 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, a small group of migrants is thought to have crossed
the Red Sea into Arabia, starting the most important in a series of Out of Africa migrations.
Within haplogroup R, most people are part of R1, descended from an individual living 24,000 to
34,000 years ago. The majority of western Europe is descended from the R1 founder. Within R1,
there is a bifurcation into two groups: R1a, or M420, and R1b, or M343. R1a is strongest in
eastern populations, where it can exceed 60% of individuals in Poland and the south-west
Russian states. Its British content is thought to be strongly Viking in origin.
The information in this tree comes from a variety of sources, but I am most grateful to the International Society of
Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) for maintaining the underlying tree structure displayed here. The anthology of
haplogroup statistics on eupedia.com has also been instrumental in creating these data.
How to read this chart
Ultimately, we all descend from the first life-forms, which lived approximately three billion
years ago. Through a long and convoluted process, they evolved into homo sapiens. While H.
sapiens has only been around for about half a million years, this is still older than the common
ancestor of the male lines of every person alive today. We call this person Y-chromosomal
Adam, because we all descend from him via our father’s father’s father’s father’s… etc. Recent
estimates of his age vary widely from 120,000 to 380,000 years ago.
Our base haplogroup, R, arose from this migration between 24,000 and 34,000 years ago. This
is again limited by the archeaological remains of Mal’ta Boy, who was buried 24,000 years ago
in Siberia. By this time, our ancestors had probably expanded to across much of north-west Asia,
where they existed as hunter gatherers.
Deep ancestry of U106
Homo sapiens
(1) INTRODUCTION
U106 (R1b1a2a1a1a)
2800 BC - 2050 BC
The following data give the number and percentage of various levels between R1b-M343 and U106 in different parts
of Europe, as found by Myers et al. (2007) and selected other studies. These can be used to approximate correction
factors to debias our statistics according to how many people of different ancestries have tested. These numbers are
only very approximate in many cases and only represent first-order estimates of the underlying population.
COUNTRY
British Isles
Ireland
Scotland
England
Wales
Total
POPLN.
%M269 %U106
M269 & U106 POPLN.
#TESTERS WEIGHT
6429508
5327000
53012456
3063456
67836420
80%
72.5%
57%
83.5%
62%
6%
12%
20%
5%
19%
5143606
3862075
30217099
2557985
41780765
385770
639240
10602491
153172
11780673
99
132
317
13
658
4
5
33
12
18
Iberia
Spain
Portugal
47150800
10607995
42%
56%
8%
1.5%
19803336
5940477
3772064
159119
6
3
629
53
Central Europe
Denmark
5568854
Netherlands 16696700
Belgium
11198638
France
65460000
Germany
81757600
Switzerland 7785000
Italy
60418711
Austria
8414638
34%
54%
59.5%
52%
43%
58%
37%
27%
17%
35%
25%
7%
19%
13%
4%
23%
1893410
9016218
6663189
34039200
35155768
4515300
22354923
2271952
946705
5843845
2799659
4582200
15533944
1012050
2416748
1935366
9
32
10
21
103
13
14
2
105
183
280
218
151
78
173
968
Eastern Europe
Hungary
9979000
Czech Rep. 10261320
Slovakia
5443386
Poland
38192000
Lat./Lit./Est. 6032500
Belarus
9503807
Ukraine
45939820
Romania
20121641
Bulgaria
7621337
Former Yugo. 20449929
Slovenia
2012917
Greece
11645343
Russia
110000000
Turkey
76667864
20%
28%
25%
23%
10%
5%
25%
15%
10%
5%
17%
10%
21%
14%
4%
14%
3%
8%
4%
0.5%
9%
2%
2%
1%
4%
1%
5.4%
0.4%
1995800
2873169
2721693
8784160
603250
475190
11484955
3018246
762133
1022496
342195
1164534
23100000
10733500
399160
1436584
326603
3055360
241300
47519
4134583
402432
152426
204499
80516
116453
5940000
306671
6
5
1
19
12
1
4
1
0
1
3
0
7
0
67
287
327
161
20
48
1034
402
204
27
849
-
European Colonies (estimated)
United States 230000000 46%
Australia
20000000
46%
NZ
4000000
46%
Canada
30000000
46%
15%
15%
15%
15%
105800000
9200000
1840000
13800000
34500000
3000000
600000
4500000
-
-
Total
N/A
383 million
110 million
1041 million N/A
Archeological M269 remains in modern Russia.
Piora Oscillation
Kurgan wave 3: steppe → E. Europe
Corded wave in C. Europe
3000 BC
2900 BC
U106
2800 BC
S7047
15340075 (ZP156)
A6706
L46
Z331
E.Europe: Trzciniec culture Ireland: Érimón Nordic Bronze Age begins
End of Bell Beaker culture in Ireland 1700 BC
Eruption of Thera / Middle Bronze Age cold epoch
Transition Unetice → Tumulus culture
England: start of Deverel-Rimbury ware 1600 BC
Z7
S15510
FGC6194
21685178
S9342
England: Aylesbury 1500 BC
Hebrew Exodus
E.E.: Trzciniec → Lusatian transition 1400 BC
FGC12346
Germany: Tollense massacre 1300 BC
Transition Tumulus → Urnfield culture
CTS9539
14314432
Troy destroyed Late Bronze Age collapse 1200 BC
Iceland: Hekla-3 / Bond event 2
England: end of Deverel-Rimbury ware
1100 BC
Kings David & Solomon Italy: Latins arrive
S9355
Z26342
Rhineland: Golden hats England: Plymouth
Start of Iron Age Cool Period
PF5143
17171683
FGC18842
FGC5254
FGC5264
Z8
Z1
Z338
FGC924
Z346
Z344
Z11
Z343
Z6
S10496
A295
9423689
A8151
Z12
DF101
S3933
Start of Iron Age in Britain & C.Europe; Etrsucans
Rome Transition Urnfield → Hallstadt culture
Olympics Lusatia: Biskupin
Italy: Transition Villanovan → Etruscan culture
Major climate cooling, Nordic invasion of C.E.
Jastorf culture begins Milan, Marseille Ezekiel
Pythagoras
Transition Hallstadt → La Tene culture
Start of Iron Age in N. Europe
Estonia: Kaali impact? Socrates, Herodatus
Maximum cooling: famines in Rome, pestilence in Athens
London
Alexander
Voyage of Pytheas
Climate warming
First Punic War
N. Italy: Battle of Telamon
Hannibal
Cimbrian War
S20321
1000 BC
900 BC
800 BC
700 BC
600 BC
500 BC
400 BC
300 BC
200 BC
100 BC
Romans in Gaul, Iberia
S1726
1 AD
Romans in Britain
Agricola; Mons Graupius 100 AD
Romans in Germania
Hadrian
Antoninus 200 AD
DF102
S10415
A300
FGC29368
23549444
CTS7080
Z8175
FGC12057
S18890
FGC12058
S1774
8645116
FGC918
Z38460
FGC17354
7388753
PH765
FGC539
FGC8578
Rome: Crisis of 3C
A299
S5245
FGC4161
S5246
A687
A574
17011572
FGC12993
Z27210
A6906
S6881
S9565
A6883
S20054
BY118
15227518
A9451
Scoti raid Roman Eng.
Romans leave Britain
Fall of Rome; Hun Empire
Migration Age
Clovis
Volcanic(?) dust veiling event
Scots → Dál Riata
Iberian Caliphate
Russia: Viking invasions
Charlemagne
Brit.: Viking invasions
Russia & E.E.: Vikings
K. MacAlpin Danelaw
Normandy
Holy R.E.
Brit.: Viking invasions
300 AD
400 AD
500 AD
600 AD
700 AD
800 AD
900 AD
1000 AD
Norman England
1st Crusade 1100 AD
Iberia: Reconquista
2nd Crusade
3rd Crusade 1200 AD
Edward I 9th Crusade
Edward II 1300 AD
Black Death
100y War
19162443
Sinclair
Kincaid
Affleck/Pakarinen
Sexton/Graves
Wing
FGC29397
Lyon(s)
Y19921/Wolcott
14105461
Y10790
Jackson/Wooten
6362486
2878033
A6536
Fowler
Ozment/Ozman
A689
Galbraith
Elliot/Rogers
Lowdnes/Dunsworth
FGC17417
A9454
S8368
FGC33326
FGC13492
S1920
Dryden
Wood
Ursinus
FGC8507/Mumma
L693
A9872
9231953
A6535
Butler/Fowler
Linville
Naisbet
Z4303 (Pittman)
FGC15271
A765
A7219
FGC23205
FGC20726
S8350
A5396
FGC14326
FGC11674
A668
8633162
FGC17500
FGC3946
PF740
A764
FGC17275
P89.2
CTS10742
S11406
A5616
S3262 A6904
S16701
S12035
FGC921
FGC934
A9455
A8551
FGC15315
PH1842
S25738
8656991
2878033
FGC17429
FGC2554
FGC15317
PH3837
A671
Z17913
A5002
S3565
S4056
A410 A680
S21607
S21809
S17242
PH2129
FGC43057
A317
6918883
A5587
S16218
FGC11784
FGC36939
S18951
A294
Y7369
FGC363
A656
A5011
FGC8579
L45
FGC17297
15331677
S21809
A415
FGC564 Z5054
S10817
CTS2509
A6389
S10957
Z319
FGC18850
S21728
S3980
A6715
A6714
FGC30527
FGC8590
S20039
FGC15333
A1142
A9870
8466491
S19342
JFS0002
JFS0003
FGC15335
7557540
FGC15332
FGC12312
JFS0001
FGC10367
Z326
A5017
FGC34935
9168818
S6915
S4103
A688
JFS0004
JFS0005
JFS0006
FGC15335
FGC17308
FGC17296
FGC12775
CTS4089
JFS0007
S4060
S1791
Z27559
FGC13167 FGC13171
23566200
S15663
S11477
FGC12365
S10815
FGC13446
A684
ZP119
FGC13396 FGC13401
Z31375
Booth
Allen
Dunbar
Cockburn
Z30
Z2
Y5976
DF89 FGC12791
JFS0008
JFS0010
Y14201
S4078
JFS0011
S16906
Z37885
S10250
A226
FGC13324
S19552
FGC13595
A7195
Structure and dates below the S1686 level
are approximate, as neither the U106 nor
U198 projects have been furnished with as
complete a set of raw data as is necessary
for this kind of analysis. U198+ BigY
testers are kindly requested to send their
raw VCF/BED data to me, cc. John Sloan
at the U198 project.
S5750
FGC15269
Y18550
A2279
FGC15048
FGC14874
24003854
1400 AD
L200
S6941
S15627
Y14069
JFS0009
DF94
S16994
8909809
A7108
S16265
FGC23212
ZS1981
ZP124
A560
FGC35805
1300 AD
M7033
A564
900 AD
M323
FGC14794 FGC14798
S5443
800 AD
1200 AD
FGC14814FGC14840
ZS7400
S5739
700 AD
1100 AD
A685
S23139
600 AD
FGC40123
A683
ZP121
500 AD
17894572
FGC17467
FGC17467
400 AD
1800 BC
S3251
ZP108
300 AD
1000 AD
A7208
S10621
S11739
FGC39805
S5673
200 AD
ZP134
FGC17464
100 AD
S5965
FGC35828
1 AD
S22047
S4004
FGC15239
13813336
L1
S4037
Z2396
100 BC
FGC13326
S25234
ZP85
A563
FGC17465
200 BC
S10198
300 BC
S11515
BY650
FGC15238
A6915
DF95
S16361
FGC14894
FGC35794
400 BC
FGC14758
FGC13445
M6509
S5741/Z375 Z8191
CTS5533
FGC11662
S1894
600 BC
500 BC
DF96
Height of Unetice culture 1900 BC
Z159
Z37884
S1911
S22069
900 BC
800 BC
FGC20668
S4031/S3207
1000 BC
700 BC
S18823
FGC39806
8450509
9320327
S17339
S11320
1100 BC
S1855
1200 BC
DF98
S500
1400 BC
Z155
FGC13333
1500 BC
DF93
S3311
ZP136
Z304
1600 BC
1300 BC
S1686
Z306
Z9
L44/L163
S1691
L47
S23189
U198
L257
A1243
A2153
1700 BC
Iceland: Hekla-4 eruption End of Corded Wave culture
Bell Beaker arrives in Denmark
Height of Stonehenge construction
Start of Unetice culture
First U106 archaeological remains (Sweden)
Shetland: Scord of Brouster constructed
4.2kyr event: climate causes collapse of Old World civilisations
CTS3104
FGC396
1800 BC
S9891
S5695
ZP91
1900 BC
S5560
FGC9217
Z372
2100 BC
2000 BC
S5556
Z17
This phylogenic tree of U106 shows the relationships between the 602
U106 and L1 testers with Family Tree DNA BigY results as of 26 Feb
2016, plus additional data from the U198 project courtesy of John
Sloan, along with the SNP names that define those relationships. Each
tester is represented by a vertical line. Family groups related after 1520
AD are grouped into one line and labelled.
Convergence dates (to be read at the horizontal line of each
clade) are computed using SNP counting, and are typically uncertain
by several centuries. The convergence date is the point in history
where all testers with that clade were last related. It does not
necessarily indicate when that SNP formed.
Decline of Bell Beaker culture in British Isles 2200 BC
Biblical Flood Bronze Age reaches Britain
England: Seahenge Ireland: Magh Ithe 2100 BC
Abraham
Bronze Age reaches Ireland
Stonehenge completed 2000 BC
Start of Stonehenge construction
Spread of Megalithic / Beaker cultures in W. Europe
S1688
S5520
FGC39801
S21514
2200 BC
S12025
FGC3861
2300 BC
L48
A6703
Z18
2400 BC
DESCRIPTION
Z301
FGC8512
Z156
FGC13959
FGC20667
2600 BC
2500 BC
Updated: 10 Mar 2016; Dr. Iain McDonald for the U106/S21 group
Portugal: First Bell Beaker culture
Romania: End Cucuteni-Trypillian culture
First archeological M269 remains in western Europe.
Z381
2700 BC
U106 family tree
1400 AD
SOURCE DATA, ANALYSIS & INFORMATION
This page shows what we know for certain about the relationships with DF98. This
information has come from SNP testing, mostly through the BigY test at Family
Tree DNA, but also other “next generation” and SNP “pack” tests from other
companies* and the published literature, and individual SNP tests.
(*BritainsDNA’s Chromo2, Full Genomes Y-Elite, Personal Genomes Project
(courtesy Greg Magoon), YSeq U106 pack, FTDNA SNP packs).
SNP-based phylogeny of the Y-DNA R-DF98 "Kings’ Cluster"
Predicted structure from STRs
Confirmed relationship from SNPs
Branch in YSeq U106 panel
Branch in Yseq U106 & FTDNA Z156 panels
Terminal branch from BigY or FGC Y-Elite
From this framework tree, we have hung the 67- and 111-marker STR tests from
Family Tree DNA. These are shown on the following pages, as indicated below.
Compiled 14 June 2016
Dr. Iain McDonald
DF98
Kings’ Cluster
S1911, CTS11041
S18823, CTS7658
S22069
8150920
16173428
19105319
4352987
22273001
22549847
S1894, S1900
S10621
S17640
S21616
S25094
9468170
13670086
19171173
PH589
S9767
S17136
S18214
S19781
S19923
BY650
S4004
FGC14818
FGC14823
S1903
S1907
22468978
FGC14758
FGC14769
FGC14778
FGC14787
Dr. Jim Wilson reports a branch between S22069 and S8350.
This branch includes S10162 and S11215.
Nancarrow is a candidate for this branch.
8430213
16054488
19564365
21145824
22467970
23350210
23781545
S23139
A6535
A7175
A10312
A10313
A10314
A10315
8161633
19308024
8884363
18537441
18639091
BigY
Page 8
Page 6
Page 7
Page 5
This SNP tree is used as a basis for the STR tree structure shown on these pages
Tests that cannot yet be grouped are listed on page 9
BigY
S22069(+)
BigY
BigY BigY
464:cccg
399:
21t-24c-24.1t
Wettin
BigY
Fowler
BigY
Butler
Wallace
BigY
Capell
Curry
BigY
Keys
Templeton
Pack Geno2.0 YSeq
DF98+ A6535S8350+
A10312A6535464:cccg
Thompson
BigY
Thompson
Smith
Pack
S18823+
S22069+
M6509S11739S8350-
Kidder
BigY
Webster
BigY
Dean
BigY
Nancarrow
BigY
Knaupp
Sinclair
Geno2+ Pack
Pack Battini+15
Pack
FGC15238+ S18823+ S18823+ S18823+PH1654+
FGC15239- S22069+ S22069+ S22069+S18043+
S11739+ S11739+ S11739+S22116+
ZS1981- ZS1981S23139- S23139-
Benefiel
?
Burris
Jordan
BigY
Propp
BigY
Y17730
Y17743
8220580
18995204
FGC22502
Swoboda
BigY
Hillig
BigY
Persson
BigY
Kramer
BigY
Winter
BigY
Early
BigY
Pack
S18823+
S22069+
M6509+
FGC15238-
2888664
8465560
18150936
18739801
19117134
21397586
21608422
21962725
22478593
22610215
24500956
FGC15239
Rees
BigY
Hall
BigY
Hamilton
Pack
S18823+
S22069-
Wilson
BigY
BigY
BigY
Z306(+)
CTS Geno 2.0
CTS 11041(+) Chromo2
11041(+)
CTS
11041(+)
White
BigY
S8350
S10162
S11215
S17227
S18821
S20959
S23145
Z18413
Z27750
ZS1981
6382756
8670648
9094831
15663769
22898298
Forman
BigY
6766950
8633162
8998139
9426481
13804586
14597473
15949545
16567863
19167085
22460017
22479195
23535796
23654738
Drabold
BigY
13813336
15970594
22446058
22554682
23240000
23978993
Larsson
BigY
S11739
S18043
S22116
S23144
PH1654
7465235
24365137
6364255
FGC15238
FGC15246
Thompson
BigY
Lyle
BigY
Vaino
BigY
Jarman
BigY
Weaver
BigY
Via
Staples
PGP38
Donald
BigY
Price
BigY
Ewing
BigY
Wilson
Blakeslee
BigY
?
Ferre
French
BigY Battini+15
Morrison
BigY
?
Sheroan
BigY
Nichols
BigY
Williams
BigY
7862908
etc.
M8963
etc.
Decker
Neely
BigY BigY
FGC
Chromo2
Warb.
L127.2+ BigY
Howell
Big Y
Chromo2
Dutton
Pack
Pack
DF98+
DF98+
CTS7550- CTS7550L127L127S1911S1911S18823- S18823Z4303Z4303-
Bowes
BigY
Boyd
Wall
BigY
Johnson
Treece
BigY
Quintero
Pittman
PGP162 FGC
DF98+
CTS7550+
L127S1911S18823-
Sudasch
Smith
Smith
Reeves
YSeq
DF98+
CTS7550L127S1911S18823Z4303-
FGC14840
CTS5105
and many more
L127.2
A685
6632899
17238837
22761447
25931596(?)
FGC14814
FGC14816
FGC14817
FGC14830
FGC14831
6755373
etc.
S17640
S21616
Z4303
and many more
M6509
BigY
Most-recent common ancestor for Kings' Cluster
Best estimate around 1550 BC.
95% confidence interval: 2000 - 1150BC
DF98
Kings’ Cluster
DYF395s1=16-16
DYS557=15
Phylogenic family tree of DF98: overview and minor branches
557=15
8461920
15713503
17636721
17760081
21191241
23122523
FGC13333
FGC13343
FGC13352
FGC13354
YCAII=20-23
456=15?
576=16
CDY=36-36?
413=23-24
710=35/36
716=27?
CTS
7550
Potential group
21211047
22239157
Tested negative for the five
known subclades at Yseq
or with the FTDNA
Z156 SNP pack
L127.2
449=30
456=15?
710=36
549=12
390=23
385=12-14? 445=13
572=10
505=13
552=25
S1911
S18823
Most-recent common ancestor for S1911
Best estimate around 1350 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1750 - 950BC
Most-recent common ancestor for S18823
Best estimate around 1350 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1750 - 900 BC
See page 6
See page 7
?
Potential further
braching
Z4303
Back
mutation
to
557=16.
M8963
L127.2
Z4303, FGC22104, FGC7523
389ii=30
449=30
464c-d=x-x
YCAII=20-23
456=17
CDY=37-x
485=14
714=27
552=11
463=25
715=23
511=9
1612
?
Borgens
}
Boyd
Johnson
Ernest Johnson / gaelstar
Nancy Cordell
Steven Smith
Jim Smith
YSeq: S1911-
37 Pack 388693
BigY
}Bowe(s)
BigY
67 134421
67 217354
Vince Bowes
Admin: Martha Bowes
111 296099
111 274005 L127.2
}Smith
Jef Treece
Steven Reeves
Jeff Harp
Reeves
Harp
67
417963
111 DF98,PGP B2570
67 Pack 332332
111 Pack B75780
}Treece
Sudasch
Terry Bohme
67 Pack N80201Quintero
Endres
Watson
Robertson
111 314500
67 38955 U106
67 190503
67 61803
67 Pack 159318
Wall
Pitman
}
Starr
Todd
67 376494
111 153361
67 DF98, BigY N4826
111 217145
67 181782
67 10238
111 13869
67 86208
111 92397
67 94627
111 221426
111 294161
67 107796 84362 BigY
111 57811
111 52487
67 66717
67 74628
67 178226
111 190560
111 272125
Treece: no European origin known. Tested DF98+ in addition to BigY.
Pitman: no European origin known. Capt. Thomas Pittman’s daughter married Joseph Wall.
Wall: large family with few European connections and an MRCA indicating a common ancestor in American colonial times. Includes a Wall
claiming descent from Evan Wall (b. 1379) of Preston Hall in Lancaster and a Weyland from Stuttgart.
Starr: no information.
Todd: no information.
Smith: no European origin known, but Ireland hypothesised. Novel mutation CTS7550+. Personal Genomes Project tested, helped identify
DF98. Negative for downstream SNPs S1911, S18823 and L127. Forms unique branch of DF98.
Johnson: family origin in UK not known.
Boyd: family origin in UK not known.
Sudasch: link to Austria, but no further information given.
67 255078
67 40815/37FDC
111 5962/78EG6
?
1785
1770
? ?
?
?
607=15
413=22-23
v
1815
1861
??
1769
1829
1798
1883
? ?
F2735@Geno2
1729
CTS75501780
1700
1702
1790
1759
1787
1774
1750
1750
1756
1776
1738
1808
1817
? ?
S12647
FGC31961
BY650
FGC14758
M6509
S4004
FGC14814
FGC14840
449=31
vvvv vv
v
vv vv
v
vvvv vv vv
v
v
v
PH589
S1894
S1903
SNP MRCA: ~1550 AD
(1150AD-1738AD)
STR MRCA: ~1532 AD
(1382AD-1683AD)
vv
S10621
FGC13445
393=12
390=23
385=12-14
447=21
449=30
464c=15
456=15
413=23-24?
557=16!
594=9
481=21
520=21
572=10
710=35
540=13
716=27
505=13
712=21
715=25
510=18
435=12
13813336
A685
FGC15238
FGC15239
S11739
S23139
ZS1981
S8350
The House
of Wettin
See page 8
Kings’ Cluster
Most-recent common ancestor for Kings' Cluster
Best estimate around 1550 BC.
95% confidence interval: 2000 - 1150BC
DF98
DYF395s1=16-16
DYS557=15
Phylogenic family tree of DF98: S1911
557=15
S1911
607=14
FGC13445
FGC13476
FGC17098
534=16?
481=23
710=36
549=14
643=11
Minor
clades
See
page 5
Most-recent common ancestor for S1911
Best estimate around 1400 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1850 - 950BC
S1894, S1900
Most-recent common ancestor for S1894
Best estimate around 1150 BC.
95% c.i.: 1650 - 750 BC
MRCA:
~1100 BC.
(1800 BC - 500 BC)
S1903
S1907
MRCA for S10621
Best estimate around 500 BC.
95% c.i.: 950 BC - 50 BC
Neely
Dutton
MRCA:
~900 BC
(1600 BC - 250 BC)
S10621, S17640, S21616, S25094,
9468170, 13670086, 19171173
391=10, YCAII=19-22, 456=17?, 449=30?
Placement
uncertain:
has no
391=10
PH589
S9767
S17136
S18214
S19781
S19923
552=25
635=22
This group is linked together based on STR
results and SNP pack results. Further
processing of new BigY tests should
reveal additional structure.
549=14
Z29207
M10390
& others
552=25
449=30
385=10-15
531=12
537=11
710=36
463=25
532=14
504=16
510=16
461=11
FGC31961
& others
S12647
S15847
S20354
& others
390=23
449=30
537=11
520=19
A10=12
534=16
459=9-9
391=10
449=30
576=16?
534=16?
A10=12
576=16
406s1=11
710=35
712=21
STR MRCA:
~1308 AD
(1090AD-1526AD)
390=23
STR MRCA:
~1544 AD
(1391AD-1697AD)
STR MRCA:
~1523 AD
(1365AD-1681AD)
YCAIIa=18
F2735
1735
1840
511=12
464d=16;; 565=11
1856
1812
1790
1802
1777
1790
1761
1801
458=19; 449=30; CD37-38?; DYS413=23-24; 534=16; 446=11
570=16; CDYa=36; 406S1=11
A10=12; 504=16
532=15
446=14; A10=12
385=11-14; 458=17; 534=16
YCA=19-19; 513=13
v
1640
??
Lyles
Lile
Nathaniel
Lyle
F2735@FTDNA
Blairgowrie
Norman
Beckwith
Thompson
McKenzie
Germán McKenzie
}
SC KY
BigY
67 2NY8P/71392
VA
111 BigY N6918/93UC5
Wayne Thompson
111 265681
111 80157
67 46506
111 69060
111106882
67 161432
111 407461
}Henderson
67 PG82F/234245
111 153351
67 69910
Robert Rattray-Wood
Hal Rattray
}Rattray
Mike Henderson
Hugh Henderson
111 marker upgrades planned
Helen St. Clair
St. Clair Admin:
Steve St. Clair
Pattison Dale & Carol Pattison
Bagge Erki Vaino
v
111 213700
111 29033
67 28991
67 235934, A7HRR
67 207968
67 383404
67 BigY 278252
Wright
Henderson
Henry
111 U106 75346
Jarman
John German
}
Frankstone
David Frankstone
Jarman: presumably German in origin (or associated with jars), this family has no ancestral origin
before Maryland. Some 37-marker data also available.
Frankstone: presumably also linked to German origin, no ancestral information given.
Lowry: no ancestral origin known before emigration. The Y-Search ID E7JSY gives 76 STRs, but it
is not clear where the extra markers come from as all participants tested 67 markers. 37-marker data
also available.
Brooks: Traced to Georgia, no European origin known.
Bloomer: From Birmingham. Also uses surname Lucas.
Davis: L48-. No known origin outside America. Tests 96052 and 124642 show ancestral (1775)
CDY=38-38.
Miller: no ancestral origin known before emigration. Also listed on the Ellis project with no
ancestral information.
Alley: no European ancestry known.
Staples: no European ancestry known.
Via: L48-. No European ancestry known. Also 322971 and 339632.
710=36
549=12
1750
1769
vv
67 62539
67 284962
67 RW2SG
67 BigY 308345
67 203544
67 3689
67 N5642
1111543/ZD7BZ
}Lowry
BigY
v
Donald: multiple origins of the surname exist in Aberdeenshire. This instance traces to the parish of Fintray
on a 1791 marriage record. Nearby households of Donalds appear to be R-P312. A 12-marker match (Colin
Donald) is found in Aberdeen, implying an origin before c. 1721. A second match (270372) has been found,
tracing to Alnwick in Northumberland. The surname first recorded in Aberdeenshire in the 1430s.
Hadden: This family traces back to Co. Tyrone in Ireland. However, they have a 19th C record of a relative
going back to Aberdeen, home of his "old, old ancestors". The Haddens who remained in Aberdeen founded
a powerful manufacturing industry, and their descendants emigrated to New York. Kit 256545 traces back to
Banchory Devenick, just south of Aberdeen. It is presumed that all Haddens within Aberdeenshire and
Kincardineshire are related.
Clapp: no further information known - no successful contact. The family name is historically associated
with Devon, though this tester’s modern variant (Clamp) is concentrated in Derbyshire. 37/37 match with
108654.
Bess: this family has no known UK origin, probably due to lack of records in the American Civil War. The
surname has a strong concentration in Devon.
Lawrence: this family has no known UK origin, but appears to have several instances, mostly in England. A
Lawrencekirk exists near Aberdeen.
1720
CDY=37-37
464c=15
449=28
476=17
} Brooks
Davis
Bloomer
Miller
}
67 N63129
67 21623
67 48642
67 199259
111290937
111290899
67 U106 40641
67 N76266
67 189292/VTCF2
46438
Ferre: from Poltou-Charentes; no dates given.
Henderson: need to source information.
Brothers: traces to Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs.
Price: no origin known before emigration to US.
Black: “Long Hills, Ireland”. Location not identifiable. Also kits N31804 (12 markers) and 72338
(37 markers, “Scotland”).
Washabaugh: no further information.
Wilson: no origin known before emigration to US. Substantial distance from N57072. Family
Bible links family to Edinburgh.
Graham: 77959 traces back to Antrim. Also 54963 @ 37 markers.
Barnwell: possibly Barnhill. Origin listed as "Ireland". 111 marker matches to Barnell and a
descendant of Thomas Fleming (1771-1831) of Peebles-shire, not listed on public project. There
exists a 67-marker match claiming to be a Barnwell of Bourton on Dunsmore, Warwickshire. A
67-marker match to a Shires family also exists.
Ewing: descendants of (?)John Ewing, b. 1695. Ewing group 4c.
v
? ?
Lowlands
Hill: origins in Yorkshire.
Mattocks: no origin known before emigration, which was probably before 1720. Many other 37-marker tests, showing DYS464d=16, 457=16 and probably CDYb=37 are recent mutations.
Maddox: origins in London.
Park: no geographical information recorded.
French: earliest ancestor Nelson French of Vermont.
Blakeslee: Samuel Blakeslee (1624-1672) was an immigrant to America from England. There are several additional 12, 25 and 37-marker tests.
McKenzie: may not be part of the cluster, lacking 557=15, but share several markers with Johnson: 459=9-9, 449=30, low 464, high 456, 710=33, 552=11, 463=25. Shared with Brachtli:
391=10, 449=30, 464=15-15-16-16, 607=14. Their origin (Ullapool) is in Wester Ross, which is more P312 than U106. If U106, may be L128+ due to closeness to Johnson. MacKenzie
#165516 claims descent from Sir Roderick MacKenzie (1578-1626), a descendant of Alexander MacKenzie of Kintail (fl. 1427 - d. 1488), traditionally the 6th of Kintail, but the first of whom
documentary evidence survives. However, MacKenzie #52806 also claims the same descent.
Kiefer: traces back to Wissembourg, just on the French side of the German border (cf. Inniger).
Earley: no European origin known, also listed as Early.
Arbuckle: no European origin known, also listed as Springer.
Wallace: descended from a group of immigants to America who probably arrived from Scotland around 1700.
Hamilton: no origin listed. Also 37-marker kit 233295.
Prieto: origin listed as Spain.
Sele: ancestor is Kristen Nilsson Søra Sele from Bømlo in Hordaland.
Downie: origin in Blantyre, Lanarkshire.
Morrison: Group C. 1862 army enlistment for ancestor born 1828 states father was born in Scotland. Links to Morrisons in Londonderry and Ballymoney.
Falconer: origin in Fife.
Shearin: emigrated to VA 1683, probably from Bristol. Variants Sheron, Sherin.
Myriak: good evidence of an NPE where Charles Shearin (b. 1740) is the father of Moses Myriak (b. 1777).
1694
1770
1790
1804
1786
1910
67
67 BigY 457939 (Gustafsson)
67
56051
Via
111 BigY 109129 Elaine
Bouscher
Dorothy Wallace
67 BigY 44268 Staples Nancy
Creamer
67 131933 Alley
Weaver
Andersson
111 BigY 284744 Charlie Weaver
U106
v
?
?
447=26
1565
570=16
1680
458=19; 511=10
710=33
712=18
CDY=37-38?
CDYa=37
v
STR MRCA:
~1413 AD
(1233AD-1594AD)
STR MRCA:
~1331 AD
(1108-1554)
464c=15
6=
17
456=15
Alternative measure:
Rattray–Lyle STR MRCA: ~1444 AD
(1263AD-1625AD)
Rattary–Lyle STR modal distance:
235 +/- 67 years from CA
→ 1137 AD (869AD­1406AD)
570=18
534=16 1814
45
SNP MRCA: ~1050 AD
(450AD-1550AD)
STR MRCA: ~1480 AD
(1320AD-1640AD)
STR age probably underestimated
Connection unclear
Back mutations
on 607 & 511?
1775
1811
Aberdeenshire/
Kincardineshire
385b=15
389i=12
CDY=37-37?
A7206
1628
1734
Price
Jillian Dubois
Captain
Maynard
390=25
Beckwith branch
surnames historically
located between
Perthshire's Highland Line
and North Yorkshire
1851
v
12 BigY N74079
Bess
Bill Lawrence
Michelle Gordon
Clapp
}Lawrence
}
Z156
1865
439=12; A10=12; 463=23; 650=20; 552=24 111 226750
67 177374
111 3894
67 229483
111 N10310
1776
111 57895
Aberdeenshire
Iain McDonald
Colin Donald
Edwina Bannister
}Donald
Annie Crenshaw
Ian Hadden
Michael Hadden
456=15; 576=18
389i=14; 458=18; CDYb=39
458=18; 710=33; 714=27
447=26
}
67 95568/UDBKR
67 256545
67 303258
11184568
67 126669
67 131586
111196527
67 226590
67 211840
111 BigY 7C9BT/120386
111
273072
David Ewing (admin)
Robert Ewing - BigY
Barnwell
Edin.
}
Jeff Graham (Mikhoyel Basherives)
John Myrick
}Graham
}Ewing
111 U106 64019
111BigY 86205
67 140787
111 83697
}
Ferre
Felix Ferre
Hadden
1720
1730
v vvv
1785
CDYb=39
1765
1744
439=14; 449=27; ; 570=19; 534=16; 714=26
1799
1765
570=16
447=27; 570=19
1765
H4=10;446=14
1730
439=12; 456=15; 446=14
447=27; CDYa=37 1771
385=12-14; 570=17; 594=9; 492=14 1780
1695
1832
?
111 208337
67 150706
67 77959/383J9
111 Z306 86356
?
67 108495/295T6
67 260728
111 BigY N115533
Shearin
Franklin Sheron
}Myrick
67
309623
67 Z306 300141
111BigY 197037
67 191741 Falconer
}Morrison
Charlie, Sam Morrison
Downie
Craig Downie
Sele
Geir Ove Steinsvag
v
111 194162/R4AF9
111 BigY 26746/9CZR2
111 U106 99784/N9SQE
111 U106 339595
Prieto
Hamilton
Wallace
}
Arbuckle
Earley
Kiefer
} McKenzie*
}
}
Dan Safsten
Decker
Barbara Peterson
Wallace
group 5
modal
?
?
1750
v
111 BigY 181997 Wilson
Paul Mize (tantalus14)
67 29045 Washabaugh
67 158823/JYGF7 Black
67 183182
67 298303 Price
Brothers
Henderson
?
111284221
111316193
67 308747
67 282949
67 217066
67 175035
67 B6160
67 362364
(former group 5)
67 374600
67 100322
67 372192
67 82178
67 8DS4Q/214430
67 U106 E8501
111 165516
111 33967
67 146263
} Upton
67 148788
Blakeslee
67 1642
67 BigY 311875 French
}Park
Maddox
Mattocks
Hill
67 271299
111 251536
111 DF98 N22014
67 40769
67 U106 242646
Nichols
Williams
Wayne Williams
}
111 Pack 190923
37
189690
BigY
?
1821
1812
1832
1819
1777
1860
1856
1837
1882
1840
1852
1911
1905
67 13893
67 285484
111 58455
67 14800
67 BigY 35376
111 BigY 65049
?
1720
1720
1700
1740
1800
1800
1838
1845
1835
1812
1800
1785
1780
vv
447=24
533=13
712=19
532=12
393=14; 391=10; 458=17; 437=16; 511=10
712=19
511=11
1640
1700
1683
v
1807
1756
1795
1774
1711
1779
1744
1750
1702
1811
1782
}
Ellis: grouped with the 37-marker test 142000, which suggests DYS442=13 might be recent.
Neely: two families of Neelys, descended from families from New York and Pennsylvania, sharing very similar DNA. The PA Neelys have tested
Z305+. No known link to Ireland, but likely stems from Londonderry or Co. Tyrone.
Wilson: no information given..
Roth: stated origin as Ukraine. Mixture of DYS395s1=15-16 and 16-16 and DYS557=15 and 16 in this family. May be recent mutation, hence DF98-.
Origin in Khust, in south-western Ukraine.
Coker: Coker project lists this group as the result of an NPE. No origin known before emigration, surname localises in south-east England.
Wilder: family traces back to Shiplake, Berkshire, with Edward Wilder (1623-1690). Other families (e.g. 7GJ6U) also trace back to Shiplake but are
P312+, not U106+.
Gray: no origin known before emigration.
Koch: migrated from Deisel, east of Dortmund, to England then New Zealand. Took the name of Cook. Deisel is just inside Lower Saxony, in its
south-eastern extension.
van der Merwe: from Dubbeldam, Holland. Surname originates in Dortrecht, from the river Merwede.
Decker: link via a 12-marker test to the Decker family of Husum. Husum is west of Kiel, in the Northern Albingian Danish Marches on the Jutland
Peninsula. Nordalbingia is the earliest known home of the Saxons, and lies in the district of North Frisia. 310321 and 197543 share the 1630 descent
from Lt. Jan Broersen Decker. Kasprzak’s father was adopted.
Williams: no known European origin.
Nichols: Richard Nichols (fl. 1618-1674) was an immigrant to America from Britain in 1638. There are additional 37-marker tests.
? Single Hadden family
Aberdeen->Tyrone
after c. 1609
Plantation of Ulster
vv
?
???
67 352202
67 319554
111 Pack* 72S42/197543 (Kasprzak)
67 310321
67 267199
111 158655 (Schmidt)
The consanguinity between these two lines gives considerable credence to the idea that these two
lineages represent the Dutton and Warburton lineages descended from the Norman line. We must
entertain the possibility, however, that these represent a more-plebian origin tied to nearby geographical
names.
}
Berkshire
Sir Peter de Warburton (c. 1229-bef. 1315) was the first to hold the name, being a descendant of Adam
de Dutton (c. 1150 - 1208). His tree traces back to Odard, Lord of Dutton (c. 1046 - c. 1086), who was a
Norman knight. One possibility for Odard’s descent is from Halfdan the Old (cf. Haldane and Hadden)
via the Counts of Cotentin.
van der Merwe
Koch
}Wilder
Sudravskiy: family from Kam'yanets'-Podil's'kyi, in the south-west of the Ukraine, near the Moldovian
border.
Patrick: no known origin in Europe.
Barnes: no known origin in Europe. Barnes DNA project lists groups, but they are not meaningful.
Howell: L48-. No known European origin. Two 25-marker tests also taken.
Dutton: link to Birkenhead via test N49453. DYS391 and DYS438=13 are recent. Match to 1660 is not
fully confirmed, but the logical conclusion. The village of Dutton lies near Runcorn.
Warburton: traces to Halebarns, by Warburton Green, near Manchester Airport. The surname localises
near here, perhaps thanks to the village of Warburton, a few miles to the north-west, and the
Warburton’s 12th Century seat in Warburton (later at Arley Hall, a few miles to the south-west). Several
43-marker tests shows similar descendants: these make up a significant fraction of Warburton families.
Gray
67 64588
67 211330
Kassel
111 157367 FJT6Q
67 116553 Meryl Opie
67 43WY3
67 66SRV
67 6042/9WS44
111 79561/AW8GX Don Hansen
Earl Coker
Pack
Coker
}
Roth
Stephen Neely
?
67 84826/VTSYU
67 91658/GSG75
67 102955
67 103098
67 192370
BigY
Neely
Wilson
}
Ellis
PA
?
67 228208
111 22654
67 133480
67 137035
67 212614
67 N7324
67 89950
67 147382
Ray Warburton
}Warburton
Mike Dutton
Chromo2, FGC, BigY
}Dutton
331088
N49453
159028
75848
111 224096
111 BigY H1112
67
67
67
111
Sudravskiy
} Barabara
Howell
Howell
Barnes
Patrick
Kelly Parks
111BigY 71473
20752
67
67 76056
111 435409
111 U106 100769
NY
1700
1813
458=18; H4=10
1890
v
1807
1816
1856
389ii=28; CDYa=36
1777
vv
BigY
FGC
Chromo2
1624
1660
1695
1772
1810
1785
1785
1820
1789
1841
v
395s1=15-16
1543
1618
1680
570=18; CDY=35-35
1575
1660
1690
1630
STR MRCA:
~1650 AD
(1550AD-1750AD)
710=35
716=27
589=11
712=19
542=29
532=14
Claimed 989 = 29 gen
447=26
STR MRCA:
~1585 AD
(1457AD-1714AD)
1618
Thompson clan
Jarman
391=10
389ii=28
458=18
449=30
H4=10
607=13
CDYa=35
578=8
557=14
534=14
710=25
638=12
445=13
463=23
525=11
715=23
510=18
STR MRCA:
~1381 AD
(1184AD-1579AD)
456=18
(& others?) 393=12
439=13
464c=15
464d=16
570=18
413=23-24
481=23
& others?
MRCA: ~400 BC.
(1000 BC - 150 AD)
MRCA:
~100 BC.
(650 BC - 400 AD)
710=35
391=10
439=13
449=28
570=18
442=11
511=12
714=27
533=11
452=29
461=13
413=21-23?
before
1200
576=16?
7862908, 8486820, 8521268, 9099966, 14104264, 14562440, 15616956
1731
16989580, 17233822, 18426209, 18562274, 18747260, 18748278, 20831655
1677
22459412, 22463215, 23617593
1650
458=19
449=28?
464c=17
576=16?
CDY=36-36
557=13
392=14
464d=18
617=9
714=27
716=27
549=12
712=23/24
6632899
A685
17238837
22761447
464a=14; H4=10
FGC14840
MRCA:
~650 AD
(100 BC - 1300 AD)
See page 7
May be located further
up the tree
MRCA:
~250 BC.
(800 BC - 200 AD)
A7195-A7205
Graham clan
392=14
458=16
464a=16
H4=12
CDY=37-39
511=9
557=16
520=18
McKenzie:
Inclusion
uncertain.
No SNP testing
& DYS492=12
437=14
464d=16
576=18
570=18
CDY=35-38
1046
Martiniano et al. (2016), 6DRIF-3,
Roman burial in Driffield Terrace,
York belongs to this group.
Alex Williamson reports from
the Fastq file:
S4004+
FGC14814+
FGC14823+
FGC14814 nc
FGC14816+
FGC14817+
FGC14830 nc
FGC14831 nc
FGC14840 nc
Autosomal analysis indicates 6DRIF-3
was possibly born in Great Britain,
and that his ancestry was from a
native Celtic population.
FGC14819 and more?
Requires confirmation from raw data
for SNPs below FGC14840
Battini et al. (2015)
test fri-1788 reported
in this clade, sharing
S17640, S21616,
PH589, S17136,
S19781 and S19923
389i=14
446=14
572=10
710=36
589=11
561=16
643=11
M8963
SK836
7262399
7398915
7408254
7643541
FGC11224
7834983
8194816
8315762
13800016
14469655
PF732
17789999
18981063
18981064
21053359
22570477
22818977
MRCA for S4004
Best estimate around 850 BC.
95% c.i.: 1350 - 400 BC
FGC14814
FGC14816
FGC14817
FGC14830
FGC14831
Donald
Most-recent common ancestor for S18823
Best estimate around 1400 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1850 - 1000 BC
S4004, FGC14818, FGC14823
456=15, 532=14?
MRCA:
~1000 BC.
(1600 BC - 1 AD)
Links in this recently defined clade remain
uncertain. Recommend more BigY tests.
449=30
446=12
552=25
S18823
511=11, 552=25
FGC14758
FGC14769
FGC14776
FGC14787
BY650
Beckwith: test of Richard J. Beckwith Sr. (1939- 2011). This DNA sample does not match other Beckwith lines that are available (QGW8J). A Norman descent is claimed for this line, but we
have been unable to verify it. Much of the early work comes from "The Beckwiths" (Paul Beckwith, 1891, Joel Munsell & sons, Albany, NY). Many details of this work have been discredited,
including by “Beckwith Notes” (A.C. & E.S. Beckwith, 1899-1906). The link between this family and the families mentioned in PB’s work is dubious. Key points in the claimed ancestry include:
Thomas Beckwith (1840-1913; 3 gen), farmer in Mississippi City (NB: differing wives/children); Sir Marmaduke Beckwith (3rd Bt.; 1687-1771; 7 gen); Arthur Beckwith (1615-1642; 10 gen);
Thomas Beckwith (1432-1495; 17 gen); Lord Hamon Beckwith (b. 1336; 22 gen); Sir Hercules de Malbisse (m. Lady Dame Beckwith Bruce, of that ilk; 25 gen); John de Malbisse (b. 989,
Normandy; 29 gen).
While we have no particular reason to doubt this lineage, its ancient nature means we must be more rigorous. We have yet to find any corroborating evidence that this lineage is correct.
Thompson: origins in Chatton, Northumberland. Tests completed with Geno 2.0, 23andMe and FTDNA. L128-, sole positive for F2735. Chromo2: S1911+, S1894+, S1900=CT10465+, S4004+.
Lyles: three American branches of this family are known and have been well tested. No UK origin is known, though the surname does have distinct pockets throughout the country which vary in
spelling. The Lyles variant is concentrated around Stevenage and Wakefield. F2735-.
Henderson: no UK origin is known for these families. Henderson project family K1.
St. Clair: thought to be French (Norman?) in origin.
Rattray: the surname has been extant near Blairgowrie, in Angus, since c. 1165 (see also GZ3HV, UMGMK). This line probably is not to be the direct descendancy of the Rattrays (see also
(FV3JP?)). However it does represent a sizeable proportion of them. Two other 67-/111-marker tests are known matches. Attempts have been made to contact thee individuals without success.
The Rattray DNA project takes the default position of respecting privacy over freedom of information.
Pattison: ancestor Edward Pattison, b. c. 1761 Long Newton, Co. Durham, fl. 1841 in Morton-on-Swale, Yorks. where the census records him as being born in the same county. This may be a
bad record.
Bagge: “In 1565, nobleman Hans Persson Bagge, from Bagogufvud [Bagghufvud] family, moved to [Sweden from Norway], and his descendants in the XVII century settled down in Estonia.”
Henderson (62539): no further information.
Henry: KY family, no European origins.
Weaver: no known UK origins, but presumed English or anglicised Scots.
Further 37-marker DNA matches to McDaniel. Possible further 67-marker match to Hickman (38N4A).
Most-recent common ancestor for Kings' Cluster
Best estimate around 1550 BC.
95% confidence interval: 2000 - 1150BC
Kings’ Cluster
DF98
DYF395s1=16-16
DYS557=15
Phylogenic family tree of DF98: S18823
557=15
712=22/23
Minor
clades
See
page 5
Most-recent common ancestor for S18823
Best estimate around 1450 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1850 - 1000 BC
S18823
S22069
458=16
534=16
710=35
S1911
456=17
S11739
M6509
Most-recent common ancestor for S1911
Best estimate around 1400 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1850 - 1000BC
MRCA: ~1150 BC
(1700BC-650BC)
MRCA: ~300 BC
576=16?
607=14?
549=14??
452=31
561=16
FGC15238
13813336
15970594
22446058
22554682
23240000
23978993
MRCA: ~750 BC.
(1300 BC - 250 BC)
SNP tested
with packs
S23139ZS1981-
391=10?
CDYb=39?
444=13
S8350
S10162
S11215
S17227
S18821
S20959
S23145
Z18413
Z27750
2888664
4113635
8465560
18150936
18739801
19117134
21397586
21608422
21962725
22478593
22610215
23749300
24500956
S23139
FGC15239
MRCA: ~700 BC
(1250BC-200AD)
House of Wettin (S8350++)
Battini et al. (2015) (850BC-150AD)
test den-104 reported
7465235
in this clade
S11739
sharing PH1654,
PH1654
S18043, and S22116
S18043
Several STR mutations seen in the
S22116
S11739 group do not match well with
S23144
the SNP structure. More SNP tests are
24365137
required in this region to relate the
SNPs to STR structure. Possible STR
mutations include:
390=23
456=17
CDYa=38
557=14
572=12
MRCA: ~250 BC
549=14
(800BC-600AD)
712=21 to 24
534=14?
717=18?
Suggested
placement:
Suggested
111
marker
placement:
upgrade or
111 marker
advanced SNP
upgrade or
test required
advanced
607=14
SNP test
required.
Alternative
in S10621.
511=11
See page 6
Most-recent common ancestor for S22069
Best estimate around 1250 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1700 - 850 BC.
ZS7400
8430213
16054488
19564365
22467970
23350210
23781545
390=23
391=10?
439=11
H4=10
456=15?
570=16?
444=14
635=24*
439=11?
459b=9
456=17?
607=14?
576=16
520=21
439=11?
464d=16
532=15
643=8
552=24?
ZS1981
6382756
8670648
9094831
15663769
22898298
MRCA: ~400 AD
(350BC-1100AD)
MRCA: ~400 AD
(500BC-1100AD)
STR MRCA: ~76 BC
(723 BC - 571 AD)
390=25
390=23
456=17?
549=14
712=22?
650=20?
657
Structure
458-834 within this STR
group is unclear. This is
321-936
only one interpretation,
251-983
but one that ties in with
the geographical structure
of the cluster.
385b=15
389i=12
CDY=37-37?
557=14
STR MRCA: ~350 AD
(148 BC - 847 AD)
S8350
The House of Wettin
in historical times
See page 8
STR MRCA: ~24 AD
(571 BC - 620 AD)
1250
1350
1475
1600
1585
1611
1598
1648
1669
1635
v
1749
1793
1785
1800
1859
1891
1880
1850
1857
570=18
1870
1860
1865
1813
1789
1771
1759
1747
1736
1750
1822
1819
1787
1807
1760
1723
1710
1685
1732
1750
?
Ayrshire
Brown
Kolb
Sander
Blevins/Perry
Wood
Benefiel Paul Benefiel
Ellis
67 105989
Norton
Burris
MA, USA
67 43434
111Z381 231354
111Z381 150038/7AV3D
111 64847
67 145325
111 BigY 252263
}
Kellner
111 BigY 12190/HRFQD
Detlef Knaupp
Nutt
Finkel
Sinclair
Tom Sinclair
67 Pack 240658
Whitson
111 348586
Knaupp
111BigY N93015
}
67 U106 N98803
67 124722
67 117534
67 122660
67 60795
67 60650
111 Pack B89090
111 BigY 189450
Philip Stead
Propp
Hillig
Persson
} Jordan
67Pack N18610
37 BigY 414366
67 Pack 485329
Temmer
Karl-Axel Myrén
Jim Temmer
Redd
111 187695
67 220236
67 195249
67 MT5Q3
67 2HWHM
67 QCSPZ
?
67 Pack 136344
67
359087
?
37 Pack 447268
}
67 Pack 179026 Jacques
Christopher Jacques
67 BigY
387146
Kramer*
Gerald McGarvin
Trautmann*
Brachtli*
67 U106 E2535
111DF98134071
Diane Brakeley
67 229473
67 271449
Lehman*
111186986/GM7QU
67 Z305 178396/727MV Inniger*
Winter*
Geiger*
Price
Jones
111 BigY E2091/DY4PX
67 136942
67 79572
67 231289
Helen Rees Hudson
67 BigY 356230
Rees
Early
Haywood Early
111 BigY 148146/J86XN
John (Jack) Hamilton
Hall Todd Hall
}Hamilton
111 BigY 299595
67 BigY 382879
67 N43102/ZS3MA
White
}Steve
Wilson
Wilson
Sutton
67 76817
}
67
272168
111 BigY N57072
67 160404
67 76143
67 B10535
Steven Forman
Don Forman (retinkaru)
Drabold
Tom Sinclair
Larsson
}Forman
BigY 248240
67 262642
111 BigY 140211
?
111 Pack 320712
DF98
1600
1600
1620
1611
1561
1621
1782
1810
?
CDYa=37 (Ashmore 177234)
1580
1645
1671
?
1609
1641
*
Drabold: ancestry from Walldorf, near Mannheim.
Forman: This is the descendency of Sir William Forman, Lord Mayor of London 1538, from Gainsborough in Lincolnshire, which traces back
to William Forman, b. 1439. One of his descendents emigrated to the Americas in the early 17th Century, from whom all testers are presumed to
descend. They are purported to be descended from Ranolph Forman, b. 1250, Wiltshire. A 1942 ancestry of the Formans claims descendency
from an Anglo-Saxon line dating back to Alfred the Great. CDY may contain two recent mutations. Various 12-37 marker tests taken. L127.2-.
White: also 37-marker kit 88778. White group R - 1324.1411.11-14.006. Thought to be descended from Peregrine White, the first birth to the
American Mayflower families. Peregrine White’s father, William White, was born around 1580 in England. This would contradict evidence
given by 315531 which has a different signature.
Wilson: N57072 (SW) traces to Ben Wilson (c. 1819 PA, USA). Information from an Australian genealogist (brother of 272168) suggests a
descent from a Presbyterian minister who left Scotland c. 1640. A putative common ancestor of both is a John Wilson, b. 1350, Fife.
Hamilton: N43102 is one of several known cousins of a Scot exiled to Maine after the Battle of Dunbar: David Hamilton of Cambuslang,
thought to be the son of Andrew Hamilton of Westburn. Presumably the family is originally from the town of Hamilton. Information from
Gordon Hamilton: http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/g/a/gah4/HamDNA/Results.html .
Hall: no origin known before Virginia, purportedly from England.
Early: no family origins known in UK.
Rees: family from Denbigh.
Jones: no European link known.
Price: no European link known.
Geiger: descended from a 19th Century immigrant from the Kingdom of Wuerttenberg in the south-west of Germany (see also 5FPXW, tested
U106+). Close match Roedell cannot be found in public projects, from Triptis, SE Germany.
Winter: traces to Dinkelsbuehl, southern Germany.
Inniger: sole member of the Inniger surname project, from Schweighofen on the German border with France. Geno 2.0 tested F2735- (cf.
Kiefer).
Lehman: purportedly traced to Martin Lehman of Warb, east of Berne in central Switzerland (PFC2Y, GM7QU). The Lehman project shows a
match with the indicated kit number with a Pennsylvanian ancestor.
Brachtli: family from Giessen, north of Frankfurt. Purported descent from the “Black Baron von Braechtli” via his son Matthias.
Trautmann: from Lodersleben, part of Querfurt in Saxony-Anhalt, near Leipzig.
Kramer: from Zeitz/Eisenburg, in Thuringia. Married Germany 1880, arrived USA 1883.
Jacques: traces to Franleu in Picardy.
Temmer: traces to Hungary, but listed as Austria. Family ethnically German.
Persson: traces to Gardhem in Sweden.
Hillig: MDKA listed as “Germany”. No further information.
Jordan: two test kits from at least two different families. 136344 from Ashchurch near Tewkesbury, 359087 no location. Also two unrelated individuals:
336470: 37 marker test from Cornwall (DF98+)
N117646: from same descendant.
Propp: no further information found than “Germany”.
Sinclair: no information given.
Finkel: traces to Wattenheim in Germany.
Redd: traceable to Nathanael Redd, born PA, USA, who was reportedly of German origin. #124772 is presumed by deduction to descend from Andreas
Roth, born 1730 in the Upper Palatinate, Germany, probably specifically from Uppan, near Mannheim.
Nutt: no information given other than “b. 1600”.
Knaupp: from Weissenburg, Bavaria. DYS557=14.
Whitson: origin appears to be with an early American immigrant.
Burris: 37-marker matches 177234 Ashmore and two other Burris families from the Carolinas. CDY may have originally been 38-38. No European
origin known.
Kellner: no further information.
Norton: descended from a Mass. carpenter, who is considered to have come from Dean in Bedford. However, their DNA does not match the main
Norton family from Bedford. Two tested lines of descent come from his son, born 1641. This family is thought to be from Essex, but this has not been
evidenced.
Ellis: no European origin known.
Benefiel: no European origin known.
Wood: could not retrieve details.
Blevins/Perry: unclear as to whether the tester is a Blevins or Perry.
Sander: from a Lutheran family of Herbsleben, near Gotha in Thuringia (cf. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and Landgraves of Thuringia).
Kolb: from Wolfsheim, near Frankfurt.
Brown: Brown group 20, ancestor Peter Brown emigrated to Tennessee.
Nancarrow: from Newlyn in Cornwall.
Most-recent common ancestor for Kings' Cluster
Best estimate around 1550 BC.
95% confidence interval: 2000 - 1150BC
Kings’ Cluster
DYF395s1=16-16
DYS557=15
DF98
Phylogenic tree of DF98>S18823>S22069>S8350: the House of Wettin
557=15
S18823
S22069
Minor
clades
See
page 5
S1911
Most-recent common ancestor for S22069
Best estimate around 1250 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1700 - 850 BC.
456=17
House of Wettin
M6509 S11739
Most-recent common ancestor for S1911
Best estimate around 1350 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1750 - 950BC
S8350
S10162
S11215
S17227
S18821
S20959
S23145
Z18413
Z27750
2888664
8465560
18150936
18739801
19117134
21397586
21608422
21962725
22478593
22610215
24500956
Most-recent common ancestor for S18823
Best estimate around 1450 BC.
95% confidence interval: 1850 - 1000 BC
439=11
459b=9
456=17?
607=14?
464b=16
576=16
520=21
439=11?
464d=16
532=15
643=8
552=24?
788: Bishopric of Bremen founded.
772-806: Saxony incorporated into
the Frankish empire. Christianity
is enforced.
Dr. Jim Wilson reports a branch above S8350, comprising of S10162, S11215, and a number of other SNPs.
See page 6
See
page 7
See
page 7
See
page 7
Further SNP tests are required to
confirm the position of this branch
in relation to the S10162 group.
STR structures in the S10162 group are
ambiguous. SNP tests are needed to reliably
distinguish branching. I advise everyone below
to take an SNP test, preferably BigY. Cheaper SNP
tests can yield limited but very helpful results. Also
consider an 111-marker upgrade. The STR structure
becomes clearer with combined SNP+STR testing.
Please contact me if you are interested in
further testing but cannot afford BigY at this time.
641- c. 700: Thuringia
re-establishes itself, but is partly
taken over by Saxony.
800
S10162, etc.
834: Bishopric of Hamburg founded.
845: Viking raid on Hamburg.
850
876-954: primary extent of
Danelaw in England.
S8350, etc.
Not SNP tested below S22069
Membership from STR criteria
In order of preference, recommend testing:
(1) BigY, or (2) YSeq U106 SNP pack or
(3) forthcoming (not current!) FTDNA Z156 SNP pack
900
916
30gen
MRCA from SNPs: ~1134 AD
(908AD-1438AD)
MRCA from STRs: ~898 AD
(527AD-1178AD)
Best estimate for MRCA: ~966 AD
68% confidence interval: 875-1069 AD
95% confidence interval: 784-1173 AD
c. 916 - c. 976 Dietrich I
a.k.a. Theirry I of Liesgau
(Count of Wettin)
Y17730
Y17743
607=14
1
906-938: Saxony and Thuringia
affected by Magyar raiders.
929: Meissen founded.
937-963: Lower Lusatia conquered.
968: Margraviate and Bishopric of
Meissen founded.
? - 1009 Dedo
1000
991-1034 Dietrich II
534=16
2
950
1050
? - 1099 Thimo I
1066: Norman conquest.
1069: Harrying of the North.
1098
25gen
4 → 5 STR: 8 (5­13) gen → 280 (129­568) years
Places: (4) at 1468 AD (1180-1619 AD)
4 → 6 STR: 8 (5­13) gen → 280 (129­568) years
1370-1428 Frederick I the Warlike
(Elector of Saxony)
1412
1500
1550
1720
1600
1748
1650
460=10
456=18
576=17?1697
CDYa=35
522=11
5
1746
vv
vv
389ii=30
576=17
714=25
A10=13
650=20
1744
1748
1748
389i=14, 449=28, 576=18
10
1727
1755
492=14
1737 1755
1773
YCAIIb=22 1750
1776
1671 1699
1699
3
1700
1750
1750
1784
1813
1792
714=27
1800
1807
1800
1819
576=18; 638=12
1900
1950
Princes of Saxony
Barons of Rohmann
Saxe-Weimer
Saxe-Meiningen
111 Belgian
Portugal
}
111 BigY Windsor (P93DY)
Capell
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Bulgaria
111BigY 126477
Merilyn Pedrick
Fowler
Ben Zitomer
Marsh*
Joyce Wafford
}
111 192658
67 17702
67 85568
67 108704
11131934/A6V3X
111 BigY 45865/5ZCYM
Christina Rice
}
Butler*
Ellie Kasimir
}
)
67 34107
(**
111 YSeq 134903/S7BBS
*
67 97046
111 BigY 299992
Jim Curry
Lynn Marcinek
Cheryl Curry
Corrie, Collins
Curry* **
Wallace
Alan Wallace
}
111 BigY U7GDD/169849
Templeton*
Hans van Vliet
67 164501 (M59BE)
67 282704
111 BigY 291262
67 N122543
67 BigY 212583
Skip Thompson
}
Y17730-
Thompson*
**
Jim Thompson
}
Key(s)**
Roy Keys
}
67 BigY 143359
67
59056
111
320422
67130804
67101596
67 29642
111 33310
111 98416
Holmes
Laura Buckmaster
U106: nomad_72000
}Armstrong
111 219788
37 33690
37 117760
111BigY N17194/JYU6Y Dean
Doug Dean
37 Pack 298563 Webster
Tom Webster
Kidder
67
171663
111S8350 175525/AJB3S Bob Nutt
Brown Jim Brown A6535Stiles
67 67594 Hardin
Daniel Hardin
67 Pack 353637 Nancarrow
67 188524 Pearson
Pitman
Taylor
67 230269
37 56208
37 105883
1112342/SGHEF
Cox
Carpenter
}
25 50309
37 168150
37 162086
67 38395
Hunt Nancy Hunt
BigY
1850
413b=24
?
460=12; 456=18
456=18
456=18; 481=23
449=30; CDYb=37; 481=21
CDYb=38
464a=16
?
Yates: family origins in Plymouth: Thomas Yates (1768-1836).
Brown: connection to British lineage unknown.
van Welden: presumed originally van Weelden, from Weelden on the Belgian-Netherlands
border.
Dean: results from the descendant of a Scottish emigrant from Edinburgh. Date assumed: William,
son of William b. 1830.
Kidder: descended from a Massachusetts Ensign, there is a suggested lineage that extends back to
Simon Kidder (1332) of Lancaster Great Park, near Rugby, through John Kidder (m. Margareta
Norman).
Cox: no further information.
Capell: traces to Eydon, Northamptonshire.
Pearson: no further information.
Pittman: no further information, matches 56208 Taylor (origin 1660 MD,t USA).
Hardin: ancestry before migration to America not known.
Todd: no further information, surname not verified.
Carpenter: traces to Thomas Carpenter, 1740, VA, USA. 37-marker matches 162086, 168150.
25-marker match 50309.
Further 37-marker DNA matches to Armstrong (9WWGT; contacted). Further 25-marker DNA
matches to 97516 Hounslea.
1570
v
9
1400
1450
6
449=30
635=24
1350
Albertine
1601
SW Scotland, possibly Ayrshire
Additional S8350 tests from Scotland’s DNA:
Scotland
Scotland>Glasgow
Scotland>Lanarkshire
Scotland>Berwickshire
England>Norfolk
1346-1350: Black Death.
1332-1381 Frederick III the Strong
1580
v
Null425, 635=24
714=27
?
1784
?
1750
1760
1791
1816
? ? ?
67 144424/G6XMX
?
67 335454
K. 33310
?
67
K. 29642
?
342925 Walker
Todd(?)
van Welden
14
67 202818
STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years
STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years
STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years
STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years
STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years
Assumed limit after 1577 AD
Limit before 1750 AD
Yates
{
K. 98416
K. 130804
K. 101596
67 265453
STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 305 (119­358) years
STR: 4 (2­8) gen → 130 (39­341) years
STR: 1 (0­3) gen → 31 (23­124) years
Limit at 1671 AD
67 116284
{
Th. 320422
Th. 59056
Th. 143359
1800
12
14
1687
Assume mean tester is born in:
1950 +/- 16 AD
v
1647
1804
8 → WALLACE STR: 5 (3­9) gen → 165 (66­385) years
Limit before 1813 AD
11 → TEMP’TON STR: 14 (9­20) gen → 490 (235­872) years
Limit before 1720 AD
1810
After 1919
Correct by subtracting 10 years for values
over 31 years
SNP: 1134 AD
68% confidence interval: 1021 – 1286 AD
95% confidence interval: 908 – 1438 AD
1795
STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 305 (119­602) years
STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 305 (119­602) years
Limit before 1755 AD
898 AD
68% confidence interval: 711 – 1045 AD
95% confidence interval: 527 – 1178 AD
1577
442=11
565=11
532=14
552=25
1550
12
1788
C. 164501
C. 282704
1
SNP: 1233 AD
68% confidence interval: 1085 – 1398 AD
95% confidence interval: 938 – 1562 AD
11
1300
1310-1349 Frederick II the Stern
570=18
520=22
710=35
712=19
635=24?
8161633
19308024
458=19
576=15
413b=24
534=16
712=19
715=23
v
1136 AD
68% confidence interval: 948 – 1282 AD
95% confidence interval: 770 – 1392 AD
1002 AD
68% confidence interval: 841 – 1149 AD
95% confidence interval: 674 – 1275 AD
458=19
(cf. Keys)
391=10
385a=10
1792
{
B. 299992
v
SNP: 1582 AD
68% confidence interval: 1440 – 1671 AD
95% confidence interval: 1267 – 1708 AD
385b=15
437=16
534=15
449=28
570=18
1296: Wars of Scottish indep.
1257-1323 Frederick I
6974345
8520418
18110334
18203043
A7174 8
A7176
13 1247 AD
68% confidence interval: 1039 – 1407 AD
95% confidence interval: 824 – 1505 AD
2
4
549=12
513=13
1740
9
B. 97046
STR: 8 (5­13) gen → 270 (119­558) years
STR: 5 (3­9) gen → 165 (66­385) years
STR: 6 (3­11) gen → 200 (66­472) years
STR: 2 (0­4) gen → 60 (23­168) years
STR: 1 (0­3) gen → 31 (23­124) years
Limit before 1744 AD
458=17
CDYb=40
1250
1215=1288 Henry III
1240-1314 Albert II
Origin estimates for higher-order STR nodes:
7
CDYa=35
CDYb=37
13
1660
{
6
FOWLER
B. 134903
B. 34107
15
390=23
531=12?
459=8-9?
CDYb=39
531=12
1626
1 → 15 STR: 16 (11­23) gen → 560 (288­1002) years
1200
1162-1221 Dietrich I
1644
13 → 14 STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 315 (129­612) years
1150
1125-1190 Otto II
(Landgrave of Thuringia)
446=11; [549=14]
11 → 12 STR: 4 (2­12) gen → 140 (49­525) years
1098-1157 Conrad the Great
(Margrave of Meissen)
549=12
Ernestine
2 → 7 STR: 3 (1­5) gen → 105 (23­221) years
SNP: 2 → 365 (190­635) years
7 → 8 STR: 1 (0­3) gen → 35 (23­134) years
SNP: 2 → 365 (190­635) years
8 → 9 STR: 4 (2­8) gen → 140 (49­351) years
9 → 10 STR: 4 (2­8) gen → 140 (49­351) years
Places: (9) at 1610 AD (1399-1701 AD)
Places: (8) at 1470 AD (1048-1652 AD)
→
7
13 STR: 4 (2­7) gen → 140 (49­308) years
SNP: 0 → 95 (23­250) years
13 → 11 STR: 9 (5­14) gen → 315 (129­612) years
Origin estimates for third-order STR nodes:
4 1349 AD
68% confidence interval: 1151 – 1489 AD
95% confidence interval: 948 – 1536 AD
8 1523 AD
68% confidence interval: 1393 – 1609 AD
95% confidence interval: 1247 – 1667 AD
11 1483 AD
68% confidence interval: 1241 – 1557 AD
95% confidence interval: 961 – 1612 AD
1100
? - 1118? Thimo II the Brave
549=13
1736
Before 1919
(brackets gives 68% confidence interval)
1 generation = 35 years (23-47)
2 generations = 70 years (49-91)
3 generations = 105 years (76-134)
4 generations = 140 years (102-178)
5 generations = 175 years (129-221)
6 generations = 210 years (156-264)
7 generations = 245 years (182-308)
8 generations = 280 years (209-351)
9 generations = 315 years (235-395)
10 generations = 350 years (262-438)
11 generations = 385 years (288-482)
12 generations = 420 years (315-525)
13 generations = 455 years (342-568)
14 generations = 490 years (368-612)
15 generations = 525 years (395-655)
1 → 5 STR: 10 (7­14) gen → 700 (364­1224) years
Places: (1) at 1048 AD (524-1384 AD)
1 → 4 STR: 3 (1­5) gen → 105 (23­221) years
7
531=12?
459=8-9?
Origin estimates for second-order STR nodes:
6 1561 AD
68% confidence interval: 1351 – 1689 AD
95% confidence interval: 1107 – 1722 AD
9 1522 AD
68% confidence interval: 1291 – 1662 AD
95% confidence interval: 1035 – 1702 AD
SNP: 1608 AD
12 1610 AD
68% confidence interval: 1562 – 1640 AD 68% confidence interval: 1433 – 1728 AD
95% confidence interval: 1446 – 1664 AD 95% confidence interval: 1213 – 1787 AD
14 1698 AD
68% confidence interval: 1650 – 1724 AD
95% confidence interval: 1600 – 1732 AD
1520
GENERATIONS TO YEARS
From Kong et al. (2012) [Iceland]:
35 +/- 1 y/gen over 1650-1919
Decline to 28 y/gen to 1974
Rise to 32 y/gen by 2010
Assume: 35 y/gen before 1650
Standard deviation: 8.4 years
NODE TIME DIFFERENCES
1 → 3 STR: 12 (8­16) gen → 840 (418­1398) years
SNP to today = 7 → 1050 (720­1475) years
Combined → 898 (434­1426) years from 1814
Places: (1) at 916 AD (452-1379 AD)
1 → 2 STR: 3 (1­5) gen → 105 (23­221) years
SNP: 0 → 95 (23­250) years
1332
NODES
*1. S8350 common ancestor
*2. Common British ancestor
3. Francis of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1750)
4. Common English ancestor
5. John Mash of Bradford, MA, USA (1748)
~6. John Butler of Braintree, Essex (1550)
*7. Common Scottish ancestor
*8. Curry-Wallace ancestor
9. Common Curry ancestor
10. James Currie, b. 1750 Scotland
*11. Thompson-Templeton ancestor
12. Common Thompson ancestor
13. Holmes-Keys ancestor
~14. John Key of Tyrone (1647)
15. Hardin-Pitman-Pearson ancestor
(~ Approximate relation; * SNP tested)
A6535
A7175
Wettin
Contact: Brad Little
www.the-kings-son.com
*
Southern England
Curry: N112543 (L.M.) and 291262 (J.C.) purported to descend from a common ancestor, James Currie, b. 1750 in Scotland (contact: LM).
* 164501 (C.C.) traces to a Nathan Curry (b.~1755, later in NC), relative of William Curry (b.~1764, PA), probable son of William C. (b.~1727). His father has taken a 37-marker test (24991).
* 282704 has MRCA as Nathan Curry (1755-1843) but is listed with a pedigree going back to Nathan Curry (1780-1857) son of James Curry (1737-1790).
* 37-marker test 199219 shares Nathan’s key mutations but purports an ancestor in William Curry b. 1727. He may descend from a Thomas Curry of England, later of Newark, NJ, USA, b. 1630s.
* Kit 91820 claims an origin in Belfast. Two other kits with 37-markers have no ancestral information provided (161869 and 312782) but share the less-mutated DYS458=18 with the ancestors of James Currie.
* N98340 (12 markers, Scotland project) traces to Richard Currey of Peekeshill Hollow, NY, b. 1675 in Scotland (m. Elizabeth Stivers of Eastchester, NY).
Templeton: family originates in Colmonell, south of Ayr.
Thompson: two closely related tests, 143359 (ST) is descended from James T. b.~1671 Ulster. 59056 is his likely eighth cousin, via James’s probable nephew Samuel T, b.~1699 Ulster. The family arrived in
MA, USA around 1718. 320422 (JT) traces to Dunluce, Senegal, Co. Antrim. 37-marker match to 299958 and 242465.
Wallace: ancestry before migration to America not known.
Holmes: ancestry before migration to America not known. A 37-marker match to kit 201532 exists in Northern Ireland but this is probably a more distant match.
Keys: ancestry traced to Fermanagh, Ulster. John Key d. 1713, probably excommunicated 1667 in Donagheady, Tyrone, assumed born c. 1647. Thought to be son of Hugh McKey, son of Daniel McKey, likely
born in Galloway or Renfrewshire. Based on 35 years/generation, this gives his assumed birth date of 1577. The family coat of arms contains a number of interesting artefacts related to Scottish heraldry, but its
origins are unclear. Roy Keys has a no call for A7175 in BigY but is tested A7175+ at YSeq.
Butler: traces to John Butler of Braintree in Essex. Family emigrated to Boston in 1632. C.R. has taken BigY for #299992; E.K. has confirmed A10312-5 for #134903.
Fowler: descendant of Samuel Barker Fowler, no further information.
Marsh: from George Marsh, modern variant Nash. M.P. descends from George Marsh, latterly of Hingham, MA, USA. He arrived in MA in 1635. Most of his shipmates and companions were originally of
Hingham, Norfolk, and it is presumed that he was also. See also kit 107600 (37 markers).
Wettin
Descent of the Wettin royal line is only historically verified as far as Conrad the
Great (1098-1157). A further descent from Deitrich I is based partly on historical
sources and partly on family tradition, which appears generally accepted by most
historians. A number of antecendants of Deitrich I have been suggested, but there
is no compelling evidence for any of them.
Members of historical families are traditionally indisposed to ancestral DNA
testing for a variety of reasons. These include the mistaken beliefs that they can
be used in place of criminal, medical or paternity tests. We (predominantly Brad
Little) have been approaching various members of the Wettin family to obtain
DNA for testing.
We have so far received test results from the Windsor and Belgian royal lines.
Privacy concerns prevent us from naming these individuals. Family Finder
results are available for the Windsor tester.
2000
DYF395s1=16-16
DYS557=15
Kings’ Cluster
1500BC
DF98
R-DF98 members not placeable in the R-DF98 phylogeny
Unconfirmed additional members and groups
(test DF98, or individual SNPs at Yseq, or Chromo2/BigY/FGC)
Confirmed or very probable DF98+ but deeper SNP tests needed: YSeq, Chromo2, BigY or FGC
…
These members are predicted DF98+, but have not yet had a close relative test this SNP. Advice is to take a second generation test, preferably Family Tree DNA’s BigY test for consistency.
Failing this, I recommend testing DF98 at Family Tree DNA and upgrading to 111 markers if you haven’t done so.
1000BC
900BC
800BC
700BC
600BC
520=21
617=14
500BC
400BC
300BC
Bronze age: amber trade
brought wealth to the west
coast of Jutland.
200BC
100BC
49BC: Roman invasion of Gaul.
1BC
70-80AD: Roman expansion into
Friesland and SW Germany.
100
200
448=18
449=30
456=15
607=14
CDY=35-38
511=11
565=13
300
Substructure within
DF98 that has been
confirmed by SNPs
is shown on the
previous pages
390=25
391=10
389=14-31
458=18
464c=15
H4=10
YCA=20-23
400
500
600
700
65%
probability
of
shared
descent
after
1200AD
389ii=31
CDY=36-36
481=23
800
449=31
442=11
STR MRCA: ~1057 AD 413=22-23
(549AD-1234AD)
520=20?
900
449=28
576=18
1000
1140
1300
1400
1520
1500
v
v
1600
1697
1700
1751
1809
1800
1855
1834
? ?
?
1900
?
? ?
?
2000
? ?
111 DF98 351523 Smith Bill Rogers
67 A9AWJ
Satterfield
Hobgood
Lockey
67 174814
67 U106 2779
Bauer: no origin given; R1b1b2 project.
Kiper: no European connection known. Matches at 34/37 with Johann Chr.
Keuper (225284; b. 1653 Hilscheid in Germany, east of Luxembourg.
Äijälä: from Alatornio Pirkkiö in Finland, on Swedish border.
Nelson: no information given.
Bowe(s): 217354 descends from a Bowe, probably of Kilkenny. Apparently not related
to 147853 Bow (Z156+ Z305t-). Can no longer identify source of date for 134421
Bowes, reputedly of Tipperary.
Johnson: no information given.
Stephens: a small but significant branch of Stephens with several other tests at 37
markers. Also has P312 tests with the 16-16,15 motif (196043), but 134381 is U106+.
No proven link to Wales is known - this is probably simply assumed from the surname
alone.
Pope: variants Bobst or Pope. Johan Bapst (1550-fl.1606) is thought to have emigrated
from Stavelot in Belgium, to Annweiler in Germany, around 1596.
?
67 N77579 Lehnen
Merrick
Richardson-Bozarth
}Cole
Pope
(& variants)
67 176873
67 DF98 N60839
}
}Stephens
U106
111 102480
67 N24519
67 191741
SC NC SC
67 N57236
67
151830/XMHA3
67
125573
67 U106 136046/7ZT5H
Johnson
67 67939
67 246134
67 12614
67 134381
67 75ZRA
}Nelson
v
67 215949
111 N112756
Meeker: origin unknown.
Doty: no origin given.
Bates: thought to have origins in Norwich. 110573 is from Oklahoma.
Jelly: UK origin claimed, but no supporting information.
Sytle: origins in Tresfjorden, a small harbour between Bergen and Trondheim, in Norway. The family (current
name Eidhammer) were bailiffs in the area.
[?234865]: no information given.
Stanley: no information given other than “1500-1566”.
Äijälä
Kiper
Bauer
Stanley
v
67 DF98 214444
67 167051
[?]
111 U106 121953
67 234865
67 DF98 219657 Sylte
Anne
Berge
67 U106 N30155
Jelly
}Bates
Doty
Meeker
111 110573
67 90927/MNT7E
67 264060
67 N38221
Weeks: from Nailsey in Somerset.
Watkins: no geographical information given.
Warren: tester Paul Warren, roots from KY, possibly VA.
Guinn: origin listed as “France”.
Johnson: no European origin known.
Balasquide: from Asturias, in northern Spain.
Johns: no European origin known, thought to be Wales.
MacReynold: origin listed as “Scotland”.
[?76294]: result from semargl.me - could not identify at FTDNA.
McConnell: no information available.
Svishchev: origin listed as Ukraine. Map marker placed on Russian
Schaefer: no geographical information given.
border, in from the Black Sea coast, between Donetsk & Rostov-on-Don. Cassell-Carson: no European origin known.
Riehm/Reeme: part of a wider surname project, probably deriving from Hennin/Denain: this is the lineage of part of the Maison de Hennin,
the same Johann E. Riehm who emigrated to the US from Leimen, near originating from (modern spelling) Hainin in western Walloon, Belgium. The
Mannheim, south of Frankfurt.
three branches shown probably have a common ancestor in Jean (Bastard)
Hewitt: no geographical information given.
Haynin, born circa 1360, a cousin of Innocent Denain from whom comes the
McVey: no European origin known.
direct branch of the house (Branch of Bry). The two are unrelated, and while
White: no information given.
it appears as though the Branch of Bry represents the true descent of the
Bauer: no geographical information given.
line’s origin (Etienne de Denain, b. c. 1140), it is possible that this branch is
Garrison?: no information given.
the true descent.
Gregor: no information given.
Cook: no European origin known.
[?179607]: adopted.
Kincaid: no European origin known.
Rogers: no European origin known. Matches other Rogers tests.
Harmon: descending from a common ancestor traceable to the Duchy of
Wuerttenburg. The DYS557=15 mutation may be recent. Other Harmons
are DYS557=16. Lower probability of being DF98+.
Bumgarner: no information given.
??
?
?
788: Bishopric of Bremen founded.
772-806: Saxony incorporated into
the Frankish empire. Christianity
is enforced.
834: Bishopric of Hamburg founded.
845: Viking raid on Hamburg.
876-954: primary extent of
Danelaw in England.
906-938: Saxony and Thuringia
affected by Magyar raiders.
929: Meissen founded.
937-963: Lower Lusatia conquered.
968: Margraviate and Bishopric of
Meissen founded.
1427
1550
?
111 Z306 N112833
?
641- c. 700: Thuringia
re-establishes itself, but is partly
taken over by Saxony.
1400
1762 439=13; 460=10
444=12
1772
439=13
1742
CDY=37-37
1761
1831
? ?
555: Saxon uprising against
Chlothar I upon the death of the
Merovingian king Theodebald,
who also ruled part of Thuringia
from 531.
1300
1705
1750
1825
1790
1820
?
1855
?
67 274256 Taylor
}Hennin
Cassell-Carson
Schaefer
McConnell
MacReynold
Balasquide
Guinn
Watkins
Bumgarner
}Harmon
Rogers
Kincaid
[?]
Cook
Gregor
Garrison?
Bauer
White
McVey
Hewitt
Riehm
Reeme
Svishchev
[?]
Johns
Johnson
Warren
Weeks
Bartlett
Harris
Beauchamp-Sanchez
Harris
McNaughton
Krumbhaar
Keeling
Lehman
Oppenheimer
[?]
Muren
Kissel
[?]
Holstein
Nisley
Arnold
Dabbs
Sutton
[?179607]: Adopted.
Sutton: no further information.
[?194786]: Possible donor conception, reported to be German Dabbs: no European origin known, relative 151466 traces to 1674, VA.
Langdon: origin unknown.
Arnold: no European origin known, possible 25/37 marker links to 129386 & 27118.
Baltzer: no information given.
Nisley: no further information, presumed ancestry in NC, USA.
Quintero: family from Tenerife, no further information given. Holstein: from Germany, presumed Schleswig-Holstein (Danish marches).
Miville-Lesuisse: L48-. From French-Swiss Heritage project, [?148851]: result from semargl.me - could not identify at FTDNA.
no further information given. Shares mutations with 37Kissel: no further information (Conrad Kissel).
marker test B1350 Giauque (or Yogue) c. 1557 Preles, Berne Muren: from the island of Fedje, NW of Bergen.
Perrault: L48-. From French Heritage project, no further
[?194786]: listed in “Donor conceived” project. Origin listed as Germany.
information given.
Oppenheimer: from Worms, SW otf Frankfurt. Other branches (Q-M242) have been in
Arbodela: ancestry traced to Gonzalo de Arbodela, Villa del Worms since at least 1430. The town of Oppenheim lies closer to Mainz and Frankfurt.
Castillo de Garcimunoz, Cuenca.
Lehman: project family Z7. Family name originates in Emmental.
Hood: no information given - tester is deceased.
Keeling: in Hawaiian group (cf. Keeling curve). No further information.
Krumbhaar: no further information.
McNaughton: no further information.
Harris: traced to NY. No European origin known.
Beauchamp-Sanchez: family traces to Puerto Rico.
Harris: no further information.
Bartlett: no further information. 37/37 match with 157454 (also n.f.i.).
1765
1753
1789
1785
? ?
111 E13858
111 E13866
Pierre Sage
111 E11730
67 328855
67 323618
67 &XI8FJ
67 VR4K7
67 24074
67 128926
67
67 270022
67 199229
67 256535
67 155790
67 192037
67 1258
67 179607
67 137184
67 44975
67 175179
111 N112833
67 9420
67 235673
67 237265
67 268856
67 172348
67 249835
67 76294
67 196704
67 108021
67 188158
67 65049
67 185575
67 266570
67 147685
67 95684/NW6YP
67 92013
67 89371
67 109584
67 271448
67 134792
67 U106 194786
67 181641
67 235863
67 148851
111283613
67 231091
67 159018
67 219934
67 76817
Beverly Hood
} Hood
Oscar Arbodela M.
Arboleda
Perrault
Miville-Lesuisse
v
? ? ?
1818
1802
?
1831
? ? ? ?
1700
1715
1765
?
1835
1824
??
67 61174
67 153403
111U106 60454
67 U106 170930
67 U106 236445
Baltzer
Langdon
[?]
[?]
McQuillen: no geographical information given.
Agee: no origin known before emigration, supposed Huguenot origins in Normandy.
Knight: no origin known before emigration, 144347 (37 markers, related to 41193) has tested
U106+. There are several additional 37-marker tests.
Connection to 37-marker tests Kaufmann (HY5GK; U106) and possibly Zweigle (ZMFGQ).
Egan: Group 1 in the Egan project. Various origins in Tipperary and Offaly.
Caroll: No geographical origin known.
Maher: Origin in Offaly.
Brown: Group 12 in Brown DNA project. Includes N19776 with origin in “England”, b. 1626.
Reynolds: No geographical origin indicated.
Huigens: No geographical origin indicated.
Andersson: antecedent is Simon, son of Anders, born Hollola, Finland.
Cline: no information shown, but see also L. David Roper’s website.
Duncan: originates at Drywells in Banffshire.
Boon: traced to Georgia.
Ballin: Charles Ballin, b. Hannover, adopted as Charles Mangold.
Lincoln: no information given. Surname presumed from project inclusion.
Robertson: in Robson group 2, with 37-marker match to 169566. No further information given.
Watson: R1b1 family A. Matches 109510 shown to be U106+ L48-. Several 37-marker matches.
Endres: family from Ollmuth in Germany, east of Luxembourg.
U106 146010
U106 170356
U106 194786
U106 179607
v
67
67
67
67
}
Lincoln?
Ballin
Boon
Duncan
} Cline/Kline
Andersson
Huigens
Reynolds
Brown
}Maher
Caroll
Egan
}
}
Knight
Agee
McQuillen
U106
?
c. 441-650AD: Anglo-Saxon
migrations to England.
1200
1904
? ?
??
1811
1822
1906
? ?
AKA: Mangoly
67 65463
67 209675
67 N103131
67 157955
67 235239
67 138829
67 266564
67 297863
67 17725/FD8ZJ
67 21975
Carolyn & Allen Brown
67 235256
Admin: Jim Brown
67 251829
Considering DF98
111 16445
67 66677
67 44666
67 131106
67 3670
67 3659
67 207959
67 1468
67 158659
67 86444
Admin: Sue Egan
67 25292
67 1466
67 46357
67 146891
67 41193
67 190355
67 165658
67 205798
67 207377
67 318128
U106
?
356: Saxons support the Roman
usurper, Julian.
374: Earliest Frisian migrations
to Scotland? (W.F. Skene)
1346-1350: Black Death.
1567
1687
1715
1812
1811
1871
?
1717
1747
1770
1800
1846
1816
1801
1813
1816
1859
1827
1798
1770
1811
1778
1795
1792
1837
1824
1838
1826
1818
1842
1843
1900
1731
1759
1749
1743
1751
1800
2000
1654
1674
1700
1640
1627
1602
458=16
570=16
1600
1500
1488
STR MRCA: ~1494 AD
(1329AD-1658AD)
1500
1200
1200
259-282AD: Germanic incursions
into the Roman Empire.
280AD: Thuringii first appear.
1066: Norman conquest.
1069: Harrying of the North.
27039 and many others have 16-16,15 motif but are L21 (24-25 at DYS413)
1100
c. 150AD: Saxons mentioned in
Ptolemy's Geographia.
Cole: no European origin known
Richardson-Bozarth: no European origin known
Merrick: claims descent from “King Coel Codebog of the Merahi [262 BC]”. This
is thought to reference Old King Cole (c. 400 AD). and is arrived at by unclear
genealogies.
Lehnen: no origin given.
Lockey: claims descent from the Lockeys of 12th Century Cambs. No evidence of
this lineage can be found.
Hobgood: no further information.
Satterfield: no further information.
Smith: earliest known origin in southern US
DESCRIPTION
Using differences in the Y-chromosome DNA of people matching this group, we
have reconstructed the family tree of the Saxon royal household back to antiquity.
The dates given here are very approximate, but include reasonable estimates for all
sources of error. Most significantly, these include the fact that DNA mutation rates
may vary from the values we have taken, including with place and time. The relative
uncertainty between two branches is therefore often much less than the range of dates
listed. These dates are given as "confidence intervals": e.g., we can be 95% sure that
a date lies within the 95% confidence interval, based on the data we have.
The best way to improve this data is to get more families to test, but that’s hard,
because we don’t know when any given family will be part of the cluster.
Recommendations for further testing for existing testers are given.
SOURCE DATA, ANALYSIS & INFORMATION
Y-DNA tests sourced from Family Tree DNA U106 and other projects and
from Y-Search and semargl.me. Only 67 and 111 marker data are used for
finding dates but <67 marker data have been used to aid structure finding.
Further details are given on the following pages.
Pink connectors denote relationships based on differences in DNA.
Light blue connectors denote relationships linked by geography and/or
surnames, or by recorded speculative histories;
Blue connectors shown paper trails presumed to be complete.
Compiled 26 April 2015
Dr. Iain McDonald
DF98 confirmed (probable:
S1911- / S18823-
)
Geographical Distribution
S18823
S1911
S22069
S10621
S1894
FGC13445
M6509
BY650
FGC
M8963 “14-25” S9767
14758
FGC
14814
S1903
FGC
S12647 “16-9-9” FGC31961
14840
A7195
S4004
13813336
A685
FGC
15239
Aijala
S11739
FGC
15238
S23139
ZS1981
DESCRIPTION
Displayed on this map are the testers with known European origins. In some
cases, these are not known at a country or regional level, where they are shown
bracketted without bold font. Where more-detailed information is known, or
can be surmised from testers with (near-)identical DNA tests, these are marked
with symbols. The colour of the surname and symbol corresponds to the
SNP-tested levels on the phylogenic tree.
S10162
S8350
Wettin
ZS7400
BIASES
The distribution of cluster members is strongly affected by testing biases. A
much larger fraction of the ancestral British population have tested than
elsewhere in Europe, due to large uptake in former British colonies like the
USA. Similarly, relatively few people from France and from Eastern Europe
have tested compared to the size of their populations. We must bear these
biases in mind when inferring anything from these distributions.
Sylte
Svennerudeie
Andersson
Muren
Andersson
DISTRIBUTION
Despite these biases, two main population groups are visible in the data. The
first is a British group, which may bifurcate into a northern and southern group.
We presume that the Irish members are mostly families planted there during the
early 17th century. Indeed, several families have documentary evidence of this
plantation.
Sele
Bagge
Persson
The second major group is German in origin, and includes the House of Wettin
itself. This group is concentrated on the Rhine valley between Frankfurt and the
Swiss border, but extends north into central Germany. We identify the WormsMainz-Heidelburg area as a tentative origin, but lack sufficient SNP testing of
the German lines to confirm this. There is a strong S18823 > S22069 > M6509
presence here. Surprisingly the Wettin family it the Wettin group’s sole
representative outside of Britain, raising the unlikely but plausible possibility
that this family could have come from a British lineage.
Larsson
Svishchev
Sudravskiy
Jacques
Sudasch
Roth
Ferre
Temmer
Balasquide
TRIBAL ORIGINS
Determining an origin for a population such as this requires accurate
knowledge of the foundation of that population, which we do not have. Our
best estimate for the foundation of our cluster lies around 1500 BC: the
uncertainty in such estimates depends most strongly on the rate of SNP
formation, which is roughly once every 120 to 145 years, giving an uncertainty
of +/- about 400 years to the age of DF98. The SNP chain we investigate runs
as follows: M269 > L51 > L23 > L11 > P311 > U106 > Z381 > Z156 > Z306
> Z304 > DF98.
The third millenium BC was a time of considerable change in Europe. M269,
is now generally thought to have arrived in from the Black Sea area, around
3000 BC, possibly via the river Danube. DF98 congregates around the
headwaters of the Danube, where it meets the headwaters of the Rhine. It is
thought our ancestors spread from here to the Rhine delta, then across to
Britain, where they probably first arrived around 1300 BC. Successive waves
of migration have brought DF98 to the British Isles since then. Given the
prevalence of clusters of tests with convergence ages around 1000 years ago,
there seems to be a significant Norman contingent to the DF98 tests of the
British Isles.
This evidence is suggestive of DF98 with being formed and transmitted during
the expansion and migration of the Tumulus Culture throughout Western
Europe during the later part of the second millenium BC. However, other
places of origin are still quite possible. While more-accurate dating (and
ultimately archeological DNA) would give us a clearer picture, this currently
appears to be a serious contender for our origins.
Prieto
Underlying image from: The London Geographical Institute’s “The People’s
Atlas”, 1920
Scan courtesy of hipkiss.org
Arboleda
Salamone
Quintero (Tenerife)
DF98 confirmed (probable:
S1911- / S18823-
)
S18823
S1911
S22069
S10621
S1894
FGC13445
M6509
BY650
FGC
M8963 “14-16” S9767
14758
FGC
14814
S1903 FGC
S12647 “16-9-9” FGC31961
14840
S4004
13813336
S11739
S8350
Wettin
FGC
15238
S23139
ZS1981
FGC
15239
A685
McKenzie
Decker
Duncan
Holstein
Donald
Hadden
Rattray
Falconer
Downie
Dean
Hamilton
Ballinn
Wilson
Neely
Thompson
Fleming
Templeton
Graham
van der Merwe
Koch
Wettin
van Welden
Keys
Trautmann
Sander
Kramer
Roedell
Pattison
Hainin
Brachtli
Bapst
Keuper
Driffield
Terrace
Maher
Egan
Wall?
Kolb
Hill
Oppenheimer
Endres
Bowes
Rees
Upton
Dutton
Warburton
Finkel
Inniger
Brothers
Kiefer
Bates
Bloomer
Barnwell
Marsh
Jordan
Capell
Shearin
Weeks
Forman
Wilder
Butler
Maddox
Miville-Lesuisse
Lehman
Yates
Kidder
Nancarrow
Roth
Riehm
Drabold
Winter
Knaupp
Harmon