Trent University
CANADIAN
ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING CENTRE
NEWSLETTER
Editor: Eva Webster
Assistant Editor: Karen Foster
Spring 2004
Progress Report
More Honours for the Director
The CEMC’s Director, Don Mackay, has been appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada by Canada’s
Governor General, Adrienne Clarkson. The investiture ceremony will be in the Autumn. Within weeks of that
announcement, Don received the Order of Ontario. The Lieutenant Governor of Ontario, James Bartleman,
invested Don along with 24 others at Queen’s Park on March 31. In interviews with local media, Don
acknowledged the contribution of his colleagues at the Centre and others with whom he shares these honours,
including Tom Symons, founding President of Trent University.
The Centre and the Network
The CEM Network proposed and discussed at the meeting last June is now a reality with Frank Gobas, Rajesh
Seth, Frank Wania and Don Mackay signed on behalf of their research groups at Simon Fraser University,
University of Windsor, University of Toronto, and Trent University. We expect others to become associated
with the Network later. Details remain to be worked out, however, we anticipate that this will facilitate closer
collaboration between the respective research groups and provide an efficient conduit for information sharing
between academia, industry, and government ministries.
This year the June meeting will provide an opportunity to discuss the future of the CEMN, as well as report on
current activities. We plan to place emphasis on establishing future directions which will satisfy our academic
needs as well as the needs of our industry and government partners. In short, we should try to paint a picture
of the evolving activities, priorities, and practices. This is an exciting challenge and we look forward to
meeting it.
Partners’ Meeting Reminder
June 10-11, 2004
(Note date change from previous newsletter.)
Irwin Inn on Stoney Lake
Canada Research Chair
The Canada Research Chair (CRC) in Environmental Modelling was re-posted in October 2003 and three
candidates were interviewed in late March. An offer has been made by Trent to Dr Julian Aherne. The CRC
submission is being prepared and a decision is expected by January 2005.
People
The following people are continuing at the Centre: Don Mackay, Director; Eva Webster, Assistant Director;
Christopher Warren and Todd Gouin, Ph.D. students; Liisa Toose, M.Sc. student; and Jennifer Hubbarde,
Lauren Hughes, Colin Harvey, part-time undergraduate research assistants. Lynne Milford has left us to pursue
other career options.
Karen Foster has returned to us after a few months travelling in Ireland and the UK. This is merely a rest stop
for her as she heads for Europe in July for more adventuring. Merike Perem will be rejoining us for the summer
months. Rebecca Lavallée will join us at the end of April. Also joining us is Jon Arnot from Frank Gobas’
group at Simon Fraser University and Sahsa Sud, an international student at Trent.
At the University of Toronto, Wan-Ying Shiu, K.C. Ma, and Sum Chi Lee are continuing to update the
Illustrated Handbooks of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for publication by CRC Press.
Spring 2004
Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre
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CEMC Research Progress
Multimedia Modelling
Spatial Interpolation Techniques and
Environmental Fate Modelling
Liisa Toose has been working on identifying ways
in which large-scale modelling efforts such as the
BETR-World model can effectively be integrated
with spatial interpolation techniques. A review of
spatial interpolation approaches using atmospheric
"-hexachlorocyclohexane monitoring data from
across North America has been completed. Results
between interpolation methods and BETR-World
atmospheric concentrations can be compared. This
line of investigation challenges the assumption of
environmental homogeneity in large-scale
fugacity-type models. In challenging this
assumption, we aim to highlight major strengths
and weaknesses in large-scale regional modelling
approaches.
Urban Model
Karen Foster is working with the urban model
originally constructed by Steve Sharpe, which
incorporates an urban film compartment into the
“EQC standard environment”. The urban film is a
very thin layer of hydrophobic organic material
that coats impermeable urban surfaces such as
windows. Miriam Diamond’s group at the
University of Toronto has argued that the urban
film acts as an exchange surface with air and may
be important in determining the overall fate of
contaminants in the urban environment. Karen is
examining urban air quality under both steadystate and dynamic conditions with particular
attention to volatile organic compounds, VOCs, as
ozone precursors.
Indoor Exposure Models
We plan to do some work this summer on indoor
air quality models. The fugacity format is
particularly convenient for this purpose. We are
aware of the excellent work done on this topic by
Dr. Yoshihide Matoba of Sumitomo Chemical
Company, Dr. Debbie Bennett of the Harvard
School of Public Health and Dr. Rich Corsi of the
University of Texas in Austin. We did preliminary
work on indoor DDT exposure some years ago.
We view this work as important because of low
ventilation rates and the large number of possible
contaminant sources indoors resulting in relatively
high exposures to substances such as pesticides,
solvents, fire retardants, and fabric coatings.
This will complete the indoor - urban outdoor rural outdoor - regional scale sequence of models.
Chemical Properties and Models of Specific Chemicals
Handbook of Physical Chemical Properties
Work is underway at the University of Toronto
with Dr. Wan-Ying Shiu, Dr. K.C. Ma and Sum
Chi Lee to update the Handbook of Physical
Chemical Properties. This is likely to take form of
a package of 5 volumes and a CD containing some
20 chapters on chemical groups. It will be
published by CRC Press in 2005. A major
difference from the previous version is the
inclusion of temperature dependence and several
“new” classes of chemicals, notably organofluorine and bromine substances and
pharmaceuticals. This summer, Colin Harvey will
be assisting with the compilation of the
pharmaceutical data.
Spring 2004
Modelling Metals
Also this summer Colin will continue work on a
six-compartment “unit world” model for the fate of
metals and metal compounds in the environment.
A report on the SETAC-sponsored Pellston
workshop held in May of 2003 in Pensacola, FL on
the persistence of metals in the environment will
be published soon.
Multi-Species Modelling
Modelling the environmental behaviour of multispecies chemicals such as mercury, which cycle
between species, is a considerable challenge. For
those multi-species chemicals whose species
concentration ratios remain relatively constant
within individual environmental media, Don and
Liisa have devised a simple modelling method.
Their approach compiles mass balance equations
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for all species together and then uses the
concentration ratios to determine the proportions of
chemical species present in each environmental
medium, and involved in transfer and loss
processes. This technique has been applied to
simple two- and four-compartment generic
environments and is being integrated into the
regional-type model framework of the
BETR-World model. A manuscript that was
prepared and submitted for publication in
Environmental Science & Technology and
reviewers comments are being addressed.
PBDEs
Todd Gouin, with Dr. Tom Harner of Environment
Canada, continues to work on assessing the spatial
and temporal distribution of PBDEs in air using
both passive and active air sampling techniques.
Passive air samples have been collected over the
last year along an urban-rural gradient extending
from downtown Toronto to an Environment Canada
operated site at Fraserdale in Northern Ontario.
Samples have been collected on a monthly basis to
assess seasonal variability. This study will help
evaluate the long-range transport potential of the
PBDEs. Complimenting this study has been the
collection of samples in various media, including
leaves, snow, soil and “hat” samples, using the
novel “Mexican hat” sampler developed by Tom.
The “hat” samples air just above the surface of
soils, and therefore provides an indication of the
exchange of contaminants between soils and the
atmosphere. It is believed that the collection of
these samples will help us better understand the
air-surface exchange and environmental fate of the
PBDEs.
In collaboration with Dr. Kevin Jones’ group at
Lancaster University, Todd has also observed that
DecaBDE is present in the atmosphere, and is the
dominant PBDE congener in air. The data
collected also suggest that DecaBDE may be
subject to particle-bound transport. This is an
important observation, especially since very few
studies have reported DecaBDE in the air. Todd
will be presenting these results at the BFR2004
workshop in Toronto in June.
Gasoline, Complex Substances, and Mixtures
The gasoline risk assessment project described in
the previous newsletter has been completed. This
was done with the support and active collaboration
of Tom Parkerton of ExxonMobil. The report is
being reviewed by CONCAWE, the European
petroleum industry group, prior to submission to
the European Union.
Karen is writing up part of this work describing the
recommended “recipe” for assessing the fate of
chemical mixtures.
Aquatic Models
Harbour Model
A model incorporating the effects of marine and
freshwater interaction is being developed by Chris
Warren for harbour systems. This has the active
collaboration of Dr. Jocelyne Hellou of the
Department of Fisheries and Oceans. Currently the
focus is on Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada
looking at PAHs and other contaminants in the
water and sediment with the inclusion of bio-uptake
modelling.
River Basin Model
Work continues on the pair of manuscripts being
prepared on a tiered assessment tool for assessing
contaminants in river systems. Key collaborators
are Dr. Kay Fox of the University of Sheffield and
Dr. Mick Whelan of Unilever. The first paper will
Spring 2004
present the basis of the tiered approach with the
second being an application of this approach to the
Aire-Calder catchment in the UK.
Marine Oil Pollution Model
The development stage of a model describing the
fate of petroleum hydrocarbons originating from
accidental spills and process water from offshore
oil exploration and production facilities has been
completed. While other models are currently
available for examining marine oil pollution, this
model will provide a simple approach combining
contaminant diffusion and dispersion with relation
to oceanic currents and drift as well as bio-uptake.
Currently, we are in the process of preparing the
model for an appropriate environmental scenario.
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Soil Models
Pesticide Evaporation and Deposition
We are developing a model to describe the
evaporation of a pesticide from a field following
application. The downwind concentrations are
calculated using a plume dispersion model and
deposition to a water body is also evaluated. The
aim of the model is to obtain estimates of
concentrations of pesticide chemicals in ponds and
lakes downwind of applications.
Work also continues on pesticide fate in ditches
following runoff from areas of application.
Chemical Fate in Sludge-Amended Soils
Development of a dynamic Soil model was begun
last summer by Lauren Hughes. This summer we
will proceed into a second phase of a potentially
three-phase project to model the fate of
contaminants introduced into the environment
through the use of sewage sludge as a soil
amendment. The focus will be on fate in the soil,
including such processes as organic matter
degradation, periodic ploughing, bioturbation
processes, changing hydrological conditions and
runoff. In addition, we will include screening level
estimates of uptake and concentration in plants and
soil-dwelling organisms. In Phase III a set of more
complex mass balance models for plants and
animals are planned.
Bioaccumulation Modelling
Plant Modelling
The plant modelling work of Sally Paterson,
Hayley Hung, Dave Woodfine and others is being
brought together by Jennifer Hubbarde to form the
basis of her model. Model development was
undertaken as a part of her undergraduate
“Mathematical Modelling” course. Jennifer will
undertake the software development for the model
this summer. This model will provide a link in the
chain from environmental concentration to human
and wildlife exposure estimates.
Leaf Model
Karen and Don have also been working on
improved modelling of the uptake and release of
chemicals by leaf surfaces.
Existing models do not satisfactorily explain
observations made recently by various workers
including Kevin Jones’ group at the University of
Lancaster. Foliage placed in a clean environment
after exposure to PCBs in air, experiences
clearance as a two-stage process. Initially the PCB
content of the plant decreases rapidly on a scale of
hours. A second, much slower, clearance follows
release of PCBs over a number of weeks.
A relatively simple diffusion model that considers
a single leaf as a number of layers surrounded by a
boundary layer of air has been compiled and
Spring 2004
reproduces these results. As the chemical travels
from layers deeper within the leaf, an increased
number of resistances must be overcome thus
creating the time delay that is observed as a
two-phase clearance process.
Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Environments
Brendan Hickie is continuing his work on the
bioaccumulation of POPs by marine mammals
including killer whales, ringed seals and harbour
seals. A recent focus of this work has been on
better characterizing the dietary assimilation and
fecal elimination of POPs by mammals. Existing
data are being used in the modelling effort and
Brendan with the assistance of a graduate student,
Karen Reiber, is conducting a research project to
field-validate the model in seals. Brendan has also
recently become involved in a project examining
mercury accumulation by river otter and mink in
collaboration with Dr. Doug Evans (Trent faculty)
and graduate student Nicole Grochowina.
Mysid Cannibalism
We have finally completed the paper on
cannibalism that involved collaboration with
Alison Fraser, Dr. David Lasenby, Dr. Tom Cahill,
and Lynne Milford. We showed that mysids can
“self-biomagnify” chemicals as a result of
cannibalism. The effect is probably not large but it
likely contributes to greater variability in
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concentrations in predators. An aspect which is also
included is the role of sediments as distinct from
the water column as a contaminant source. The
paper has been submitted to Environmental
Toxicology & Chemistry.
Screening Level Risk Assessment (SLRA)
Risk of toxic effects depend upon the quantity of a
substance present at the site of toxic action, but this
quantity is difficult to determine. The resulting
shortage of such data have long proven to be a
barrier to risk assessment. In collaboration with
Jeanette Southwood of Golder Associates, an
evaluation of the QA/QC (actual quantity / critical
quantity) fraction is being used in a manner similar
to the PEC/NEC ratio to introduce quantity into
risk assessment at an earlier stage. If the likely
actual quantity is very low compared to the critical
quantity, risk may be considered to be low and
detailed hazard assessment may be less important.
We view this as a very important project with the
potential to contribute significantly to chemical
assessment.
Regulatory Issues
Persistence and Long-Range Transport:
The Benchmarking Project
The international collaborative (OECD) effort to
identify benchmark chemicals for persistence and
long-range transport potential chemical evaluation
is nearing completion. The key researchers in this
project are Drs. Martin Scheringer, Kathrin Fenner,
Dik van de Meent, Matt MacLeod, Andreas Beyer,
Michael Matthies, Tom McKone, Frank Wania,
Mark Bonnell, David Pennington, and Maximilian
Stroebe. The CEMC has played a relatively minor
role in this collaborative effort. Results from our
Level II and Level III models are included in the
study. Two publications are planned; “Comparing
estimates of persistence and long-range transport
potential among multimedia models”, and
“Identifying POP-like behavior in screening
assessments of organic chemicals” to be submitted
to Environmental Science & Technology.
Policy by Analogy and the Precautionary
Principle
As a result of the acquisition of scientific data,
knowledge is gained about the environmental fate
and human exposure of chemical substances. From
this knowledge the risk of using chemicals can be
assessed. As a means of facilitating the regulatory
process, risk assessments can also compare the
substance under investigation to other substances
that display similar behaviour or structure,
especially when the risk assessment involves a
substance for which few data exist. For instance,
similarities can be drawn between a number of
poorly studied chemical substances and those
which are currently listed as chemicals of concern.
In an attempt to better understand this, Todd and
Don, in collaboration with Dr. Stephen Bocking
Spring 2004
(Trent University), have completed a review in
which it is suggested that policy can be guided, in
part, by analogy. Specifically they demonstrate that
by taking advantage of knowledge obtained for the
PCBs in the past we can better implement
precautionary measures with respect to similar
substances, such as the PBDEs, and do so more
quickly and appropriately.
An offshoot of this work has been an exploration of
the “Precautionary Principle” applied to chemicals.
An essay on how this Principle can be displayed
graphically is being prepared.
Ecological Risk Assessment
Don has contributed a chapter to the forthcoming
book “Ecological Risk Assessment” edited by
Glenn Suter of the US EPA. The chapter includes
an account of the benefits of models, the methods
of contribution and lists examples of models used
for specific media and specific classes of chemicals.
Publication is expected by CRC Press in late 2004.
Using Models to Assess Ecological Risk
A paper has been submitted to Environmental
Science & Technology jointly with Drs. Tom
McKone and Matt MacLeod showing how mass
balance models of chemical fate and transport can
be applied in ecological risk assessments for
quantitative estimation of environmental
concentrations. These concentrations can, in turn,
be used to estimate organism exposures and
ultimately body internal tissue concentrations that
can be compared to mode-of-action-based critical
body residues that correspond to toxic effects.
Risks to the exposed organism can then be
evaluated. To illustrate, the EQC model and a
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simple screening level bio-uptake model including
three organisms (a bird, a mammal, and a fish) was
applied to gasoline. The 24 gasoline components or
“blocks” from the previous work by Karen Foster
were used. These blocks consist of components
with similar environmental fate properties that are
assumed to elicit ecotoxicity via a narcotic modeof-action. We showed that differences in chemical
properties and mode-of-entry into the environment
result in profound differences in the efficiency of
transport from emission to target biota. This
approach is particularly suitable for assessing
mixtures of components that have similar modesof-action. We believe that such model-based
methodologies are particularly suitable for
screening level risk assessments of large numbers
of chemicals.
Software Production
As always, software production has slowed through
the winter months while our team of undergraduate
code writers pursued their various studies. There
are a number of models in the final stages of testing
prior to release. These include the AirWater, Fish,
Soil, and Sediment models, Level IV, ChemScorer,
Foodweb, the revised STP model, and a suite of
pharmacokinetic bioaccumulation models PBPK I,
II, III, and IV. Also in final testing are Level
II-Batch Mode and Level III-Batch Mode which
were used in the persistence and long-range
transport benchmarking project described earlier.
We look forward to another productive summer in
2004 as Jennifer Hubbarde, Lauren Hughes, and
Colin Harvey return. They will be joined by
Rebecca Lavallée. Jennifer will prepare software
modelling contaminant transport in plants and
continue with the task of converting the BETR
model into software. Lauren will continue
development of her pseudo-dynamic Soil model.
Last summer Colin began the software
implementation of a simple linear river model in
preparation for the more challenging task of
converting Chris Warren's river basin model into
software.
Visitors to the Centre
In December we were visited by Yuso Kobara, and Motoki Nishimori of the National Institute for
Agro-Environmental Sciences, Japan. In seeking to apply our models, they were concerned about the effects
of the higher temperatures and higher humidity experienced in the Asian environment.
Meetings and Conferences
Attended
SETAC North America; Austin, TX; November 9-13, 2003 - Attended by Don, Chris, Todd
Mackay D. Breathing, eating, digesting and metabolising: The basics of bioaccumulation.
Mackay, D, Foster, K, Parkerton, T. Risk Assessment of a Complex Substance: Gasoline as an Example
Texas A&M, College Station, Texas; November 2003
Don and Chris met with Jim Bonner and his group at the Environmental and Water Resources Division.
Fugacity Workshop, Health Canada, Ottawa; December 10, 2003
Don gave a one-day workshop on the fugacity concept to staff at Health Canada.
Managing Chemicals in the 21st Century Environment, Environment Canada, Gatineau; December 12, 2003
Don delivered an overview of the contribution of green chemistry to the sound management of commercial
chemicals as a part of the Environment Canada Policy Research Seminar Series. Don outlined the growth of
environmental awareness of toxic chemicals. He then discussed how commercial chemicals can be “managed”
Spring 2004
Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre
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with knowledge of their toxicity, persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and long-range transport potential.
He ended by describing how “green chemistry” in combination with models can assist in finding the best
combination of chemical properties in designing new chemical compounds. The paper is to be published on
the Environment Canada website http://www.ec.gc.ca/seminar
SETAC Europe; Prague; April 18 - 22, 2004
T. Gouin, T. Harner, P. Blanchard, D. Mackay. Mapping the spatial and temporal distribution of
polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air from the Great Lakes region. (poster presentation)
Upcoming
IAGLR-ILEC - Waterloo; May 24 - 28, 2004
Session in honour of Steve Eisenreich.
T. Gouin, T. Harner, P. Blanchard, D. Mackay. Mapping the spatial and temporal distribution of
polybrominated diphenyl ethers in ambient air from the Great Lakes region.
D. Mackay, T. Gouin, L. Toose. Long-range atmospheric transport of contaminants: A Great Lakes and global
issue.
BFR2004 - Toronto; June 6-9, 2004
D. Mackay, T. Gouin. Exploring cause-effect linkages for chemicals
CEMN/CEMC Partners' Meeting - Stoney Lake; June 10-11, 2004
There will not be a Fugacity Workshop preceding the meeting this year due to the date change.
IMEMS 2004 - Washington DC; October 18-20, 2004
D. Mackay. Fathoming Impacts on the Marine Environment: The Crucial Contribution of Modelling
SETAC North America - Portland, Oregon; November 2004
CEMC: Front left to right - Merike Perem, Eva Webster, Karen Foster, Liisa Toose, Colin Harvey,
Lauren Hughes, Don Mackay. Back - Todd Gouin, Chris Warren, Rebecca Lavallée, Jennifer
Hubbarde, Sasha Sud. Missing - Jon Arnot.
Spring 2004
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ET&C Special Issue
The following is the list of papers to be published in the upcoming special issue of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry
honouring Don. The authors have all collaborated with Don. If anyone is interested in preordering an issue, they can contact
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), 850-469-1500, Fax 850-469-9778, [email protected].
G. Czub, M.S. McLachlan. A Food Chain Model to Predict the Levels of Lipophilic Organic Contaminants in Humans. 317.
K.T. Valsaraj. Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at the Air-Water Interface and its Role in Atmospheric Deposition
by Fog Droplets. 321.
J. Chen, T. Harner, G. Ding, X. Quan, K.-W. Schramm, A. Kettrup. Universal Predictive Models on Octanol-Air Partition Coefficients
at Different Temperatures for Persistent Organic Pollutants. 341.
K. Breivik, B. Bjerkeng, F. Wania, A. Helland, J. Magnusson. Modeling the Fate of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Inner Oslo Fjord.
343.
J.A. Davis. The Long-Term Fate of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in San Francisco Bay (USA). 373.
D.P. French-McCay. Oil Spill Impact Modeling: Development and Validation. 382.
W.J. Mills, E.R. Bennett, C.E. Schmidt, L.J. Thibodeaux. Approaches for Obtaining Quantitative Vapor Emissions Estimates of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Other Semivolatile Organic Compounds from Contaminated Sites. 384.
M. MacLeod, T. McKone. Multi-Media Persistence as an Indicator of Potential for Population-Level Intake of Environmental
Contaminants. 390.
M. Scheringer, F. Wegmann, K. Hungerbühler . Investigating the Mechanics of Multimedia Box Models: How to Explain Differences
Between Models in Terms of Mass Fluxes. 396.
T.F. Bidleman, A. Leone. Soil-Air Relationships for Toxaphene in the Southern United States. 405.
E. Webster, C.E. Cowan-Ellsberry, L. McCarty. Putting Science into Persistent, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity Evaluations. 434.
J.A. Arnot, F.A.P.C. Gobas. A Food Web Bioaccumulation Model for Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems. 438.
T.P. Traas, A.P. van Wezel, J.L.M. Hermens, M. Zorn, A.G.M. van Hattum, C. J. van Leeuwen. Environmental Quality Criteria for
Organic Chemicals Predicted from Internal Effect Concentrations and a Food Web Model. 441.
D.C.G. Muir, C. Teixeira, F. Wania. Empirical and Modeling Evidence of Regional Atmospheric Transport of Currently Used
Pesticides. 457.
J. A. Berry, P.G. Wells. Integrated Fate Modeling for Exposure Assessment of Produced Water on the Sable Island Bank (Scotian Shelf,
Canada). 458.
D. Mackay. Finding Fugacity Feasible, Fruitful, and Fun. 465.
K. Borgå, A.T. Fisk, P. F. Hoekstra, D.C.G. Muir. Biological and Chemical Factors of Importance in the Bioaccumulation and Trophic
Transfer of Persistent Organochlorine Contaminants in Arctic Marine Food Webs. 518.
M. Matthies, V. Berding, A. Beyer. Probabilistic Uncertainty Analysis of the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances
Multimedia Regional Distribution Model. 529.
R.S. Boethling, P.H. Howard, W.M. Meylan. Finding and Estimating Chemical Property Data. 532.
J.A. McGrath, T. F. Parkerton, D.M. Di Toro. Application of the Narcosis Target Lipid Model to Algal Toxicity and Deriving Predicted
No-Effect Concentrations. 538.
B.C. Kelly, F.A.P.C. Gobas, M.S. McLachlan. Intestinal Absorption and Biomagnification of Organic Contaminants in Fish, Wildlife,
and Humans. 545.
S.P. Bhavsar, M.L. Diamond ,N. Gandhi, J. Nilsen. Dynamic Coupled Metal Transport-Speciation (TRANSPEC) Model: 1 Application
to Assess a Zinc Contaminated Lake. 619.
Spring 2004
Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre
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Recent Publications
Cahill, T.M., Mackay, D. 2003. A High-Resolution Model for Estimating the Environmental Fate of Multi-species Chemicals:
Application to Malathion and Pentachlorophenol. Chemosphere. 53: 571-581.
Mackay, D. 2003. Model Behaviour. Engineering Dimensions. (Published by the Professional Engineers of Ontario) Sept./Oct.: 46-49.
Cousins, I.T., Mackay, D., Parkerton, T.F. 2003. “Physical-Chemical Properties and Evaluative Fate Modelling.” In: The Handbook
of Environmental Chemistry. Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds, Part Q Phthalate Esters. Staples, C.A. (Volume Editor). Hutzinger,
O. (Editor-in-Chief). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp 57-84.
Clark, K., Cousins, I.T., Mackay, D., Yamada, K. 2003. “Observed Concentrations in the Environment.” In: The Handbook of
Environmental Chemistry. Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds, Part Q Phthalate Esters. Staples, C.A. (Volume Editor). Hutzinger,
O. (Editor-in-Chief). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp 125-177.
Cousins, I.T., Mackay, D. 2003. “Multimedia Mass Balance Modelling of Two Phthalate Esters by the Regional Population-Based
Model (RPM).” In: The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds, Part Q Phthalate Esters. Staples,
C.A. (Volume Editor). Hutzinger, O. (Editor-in-Chief). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp 179-200.
Clark, K., Cousins, I.T., Mackay, D. 2003. “Assessment of Critical Exposure Pathways.” In: The Handbook of Environmental
Chemistry. Volume 3 Anthropogenic Compounds, Part Q Phthalate Esters. Staples, C.A. (Volume Editor). Hutzinger, O. (Editor-inChief). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. pp 227-262.
Mackay, D., Webster, E., Woodfine, D., Cahill, T., Doyle, P., Couillard, Y., Gutzman, D. 2003. Towards Consistent Evaluation of the
Persistence of Organic, Inorganic and Metallic Substances. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment (HERA). 9(6): 1445-1474.
Cousins, I.T., Gouin, T. 2003. Vegetation-air exchanges facilitates the long-range transport of some SVOCs. Stochastic Environmental
Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA). 17: 241-243.
Jones, K.C., Sweetman, A., Mackay, D. 2004. Editorial. Environmental Pollution.128: 1-2.
Gouin, T., Mackay, D., Jones, K.C., Harner, T., Meijer, S.N. 2004. Evidence for the "grasshopper" effect and fractionation during
long-range atmospheric transport of organic contaminants. Environmental Pollution. 128: 139-148.
Toose, L., Woodfine, D.G, MacLeod, M., Mackay, D., Gouin, J. 2004. BETR-World: A Geographically Explicit Model of Chemical
Fate: Application to Transport of a-HCH to the Arctic. Environmental Pollution.128: 223-240.
MacLeod, M., Mackay, D. 2004. Modeling transport and deposition of contaminants to ecosystems of concern: a case study for the
Laurentian Great Lakes. Environmental Pollution. 128: 241-250.
Web-Published
Webster, E., Mackay, D., Di Guardo, A., Kane, D., Woodfine, D. 2004. Regional Differences in Chemical Fate Model Outcome.
Chemosphere. 55: 1361-1376.
In Press
Mackay, D. “Fugacity.” In Encyclopaedia of Global Environmental Change R.E. Munn (Ed) J Wiley & Sons, NY.
Mackay, D., Toose, L. Quantifying the Fate of Mercury in the Great Lakes Basin: Towards an Ecosystem Approach. Environmental
Research.
Warren, C. Mackay, D. 2004. A Screening Level Mass Balance Model of Sediment Remediation Options. Soil and Sediment
Contamination: an International Journal. 13: 1-15
Spring 2004
Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre
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Accepted for Publication
Warren, C. Mackay, D. 2004. The Role of Mass Balance Models in Offshore Environmental Effects Monitoring. Proceedings of the
Offshore Oil and Gas Environmental Effects Monitoring Conference, Bedford Institute of Oceanography.
Webster, E., Cowan-Ellsberry, C.E., McCarty, L. Putting science into PBT evaluations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
Mackay, D. Finding fugacity feasible, fruitful, and fun. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
Gouin, T., Cousins, I., Mackay, D. Comparison of Two Methods for Obtaining Degradation Half-lives. Chemosphere.
In Review
Mackay, D., Milford, L. “Exposure Assessment and Modelling in the Aquatic Environment.” In Toxicology of Fishes. Di Guilio, R.,
Hinton, D., Eds.
Cahill, T.M., Mackay, D. A Hypothesis Concerning the Mechanism of Bioaccumulation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
Mackay, D. Contaminants in Polar Ecosystems. CARN.
Gouin, T., Harner, T., Daly, G.L., Wania, F., Mackay, D., Jones, K.C. Seasonality of Air Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl
Ethers: Evidence and Mechanistic Explanation of a “Spring-Pulse” Effect. Environ. Sci. Technol.
Gouin, T., Bocking, S., Mackay, D. Policy by analogy: Precautionary principle, science and polybrominated diphenyl ethers.
International Journal of Global Environmental Issues.
Mackay, D., Mackay, N. Mathematical Models of Chemical Transport and Fate. Chapter III.3 In Ecological Risk Assessment. Suter,
G.W. (Ed.)
MacLeod, M., McKone, T.E., Foster, K.L., Maddalena, R.L., Parkerton, T.F., Mackay, D. Applications of Contaminant Fate and
Bioaccumulation Models in Assessing Ecological Risks of Chemicals: A Case Study for Gasoline Hydrocarbons. Environ. Sci. Technol.
CEMC Reports
Webster, E., Mackay, D. 2003. Defining Uncertainty and Variability in Environmental Fate Models. CEMC Report No. 200301. Trent
University, Peterborough, Ontario.
Webster, E., Hubbarde, J., Mackay, D. 2003. Upgrading the ChemCAN Model: Version 4.95 to 6.00. CEMC Report 200302. Trent
University, Peterborough, Ontario.
Webster, E., Hubbarde, J., Mackay, D., Swanston, L., Hodge, A. 2003. Development of Tools to Improve Exposure Estimation for Use
in Ecological Risk Assessment: The TaPL3 Upgrade. Report to Environment Canada. CEMC Report 200303. Trent University,
Peterborough, Ontario.
Webster, E., Mackay, D., Hubbarde, J. A. 2003. Development of Tools to Improve Exposure Estimation for Use in Ecological Risk
Assessment: Regional Risk Assessments Using ChemCAN. Report to Environment Canada. CEMC Report 200304. Trent University,
Peterborough, Ontario.
Webster, E., Di Guardo, A., Mackay, D., Buckley, J. A., Hughes, L., Hubbarde, J. 2003. Development of Tools to Improve Exposure
Estimation for Use in Ecological Risk Assessment: Multimedia Models for Sludge-Amended Soils: A Feasibility Study. Report to
Environment Canada. CEMC Report 200305. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.
In Review
Woodfine, D. Mackay, D. 2001. Evaluation of Partitioning and Persistence of Organic Substances on Environment Canada's Domestic
Substances List. Report to Environment Canada. CEMC Report 2001xx. Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario.
Spring 2004
Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre
Page -11
Contact Details
Don Mackay
tel: 705-748-1011 ext.1489; email: [email protected]
Eva Webster
tel: 705-748-1005; email: [email protected]
fax: 705-748-1080
http://www.trentu.ca/cemc
Researchers and Staff at CEMC
Director
Dr. Don Mackay
[email protected]
Graduate Students - Watershed Ecosystems (PhD)
Chris Warren (M.Sc)
[email protected]
Todd Gouin (M. Sc)
[email protected]
Graduate Students - Watershed Ecosystems (M.Sc.)
Liisa Toose (B.Sc.)
[email protected]
Assistant Director
Eva Webster (M.Sc.)
[email protected]
Research Scientists
Karen Foster (B.Sc.)
Jon Arnot (M.Sc.)
Merike Perem (B.Sc.)
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Research Staff
Jennifer Hubbarde, Lauren Hughes
Colin Harvey, Rebecca Lavallée, Sasha Sud
Telephone Extensions from Trent University’s Automated Switchboard 705-748-1011
Don Mackay
1489
Jon Arnot, Merike Perem, Sasha Sud
Karen Foster, Lauren Hughes, Colin Harvey
Chris Warren, Liisa Toose, Todd Gouin
Jennifer Hubbarde, Rebecca Lavallée
1645
1056
5341
1005
Eva Webster is at the CEMC’s direct line
705-748-1005