KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA CLRI ADYAR CHENNAI -20
CLASS X – SOCIAL SCIENCE – FA 3 REVISION
NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDIA
Key Concepts of the lesson-Nationalism in India developed in the colonial context. Mahatma Gandhi arrived in
India from Africa in 1915. Under his leadership several mass movements were organized.
1. The first world war, Khilafat and Non Cooperation-War and its effects.
Huge increases in defenses expenditure. Custom duties were raised, Income tax introduced. There was force
recruitments in rural areas, spread of epidemics
2. Gandhiji and the idea of Satyagraha.- Champaran in Bihar(1917) Kheda in Gujarat(1918). In 1919
nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed Rowlett Act was launched by Gandhi. 13th April and
Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre Non cooperation and Khilafat movement. At the Congress session at Nagpur
in Dec.1920, a compromise was worked out and Non cooperation programme was adopted. Movements
in towns, rebellion in country side, swaraj in plantation.
3. Towards civil Disobedience
Swaraj Party was founded by C.R.Das and Moti Lal Nehru for return to council Politics Simon
Commission and boycott.
Lahore Congress and demand for purna Swaraj
1. Dandi march and the beginning of civil Disobedience movementsGovernments repressive policy
Gandhi Irwin Pact and failure of round table conference Re-launching of movements.
2. Who participated in the movements-the rich peasant communities, the poor peasantry, business class,
the industrial workers in Nagpur and a large scale participation of women took active part in the
movement.
3. Limits of the movements- less participation by untouchables - Ambedker for separate electorate and
Poona pact luke warm response by some Muslims Political Organisation
4. The sense of collective belongingThis sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles role of folklore and
songs.
Identity of India and Bhrath Mata.
Nationalism through icons or symbols of representation of History.
Questions
1.Mention the three important Satyagraha by Gandhiji.
In 1916 Champaran – to inspire peasant to struggle against oppressive plantation system.
1917 Satyagraha in Kheda-support peasant
1918 Satyagraha in Ahmedabad-Among the cotton mill workers.
2. What does the idea of Satyagraha emphasis?
Ans) The idea of Satyagraha emphasized the power of truth and need to search truth. It
suggested if cause was true, then physical force was necessary. Mahatma Gandhi advocated a
novel method of mass agitation; called satyagraha. This method was based on the idea that if
someone is fighting for a true cause, there is no need to take recourse to physical force to fight
the oppressor. Gandhiji believed that a satyagrahi could win a battle through non-violence, i.e.
without being aggressive or revengeful.
3 Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement?
Answer: Anti-colonial movement gave a strong issue to the people with which they could identify
and could come on a common platform. Hence, the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked
to an anti-colonial movement.
4.How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India?
Answer: The First World War created huge economic problems for the people in India. Moreover,
forced conscription of the Indians in the British army also alienated the people from the colonial
rulers. The situation was ripe for the nationalist leaders to motivate the people against the
colonial rulers. Thus, the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in
India.
5. What is Rowlatt Act?Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
Answer: The Rowlatt Act gave draconian powers to the colonial rulers. Rowlatt act gave Govt.
enormous power to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoner without
trial for two years .It was against the spirit of political formations and protests. Due to this,
Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.
6.Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement?
Answer: By 1921, the movement was turning violent at many places. Since Gandhiji was strictly
against any kind of violence, he decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
7. Give any three reasons why the Non-Cooperation movement slowed down in the in cities?
Answer Non-cooperation movement slowed down in cities as
(i)Khadi clothes were more expensive-people could not afford them.
(ii)Boycott of institutions posed a problem-alternative Indian institutions were not come up
(iii)teachers and lawyers did get the jobs, so they began trickling back to Government institution.
8. Write a newspaper report on Jalianwala Bagh Massacre.
Answer: Amritsar, 13th April 1919: The British General Dyer had ordered firing on innocent
villagers who had gathered at Jallianwalla Bagh to attend a fair. All the exit poits were blocked so
that nobody could escape the wrath of the British forces.
9.Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer Muslim leaders; like Jinnah believed that the future of the Muslims would not be in safe
hand under the Hindu majority. He wanted a greater political empowerment for his own
community. For dalit leaders; like Ambedkar; the situation was more or less same. Given the past
history of oppression against the dalits, the dalit leaders were apprehensive of their position
under the political power of the upper caste people. Mahatma Gandhi, on the other hand,
believed that separate electorates would further alienate those people. He felt that separate
electorate would slow down the process of integration of the fringe group into the mainstream.
10.List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. write about
their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement.
Answer Peasants, tribal peasants, plantation workers, students, lawyers, office workers, women, etc. joined
the Non-Cooperation Movement. Description of three of them is given below.
Peasant: The peasants were against the high rents and may other cess which were demanded by talukdars
and landlords. The peasants demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and social boycott of
oppressive landlords.
Tribal Peasants: Tribal peasants gave their own interpretation of Mahatma Gandhi and the idea of
swaraj. The tribals were prevented from entering the forests to graze cattle, or to collect fruits and
firewood. The new forest laws were a threat to their livelihood. The government forced them to
do begar on road construction.
Plantation Workers: The plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without
permission; as per the Indian Emigration Act of 1859. When the news of Non-Cooperation
Movement spread to the plantations, many workers began to defy the authorities.
11. When did Simon come to India? Why was it boycotted?
Answer : Simon reached Indian in 1928. It was boycott because It did not have any single Indian
It did not talk about Swaraj
12.Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer Salt was a powerful symbol which could connect with all the people of India. Salt was used by everyone;
rich and poor in the same way. For poor people, abolition of salt tax would have meant a reduction price. For the
businessmen, it meant that they could expect abolition of more such laws which were working against the Indian
business community.
13. Explain the main features if Gandhi-Irwin Pact.
Answer: Gandhiji decided to call off civil disobedience movement.
He consented to participate in round table conference in London.
Govt. agreed to release the political prisoners.
14. How was Lahore Congress of 1929 important?
Answer: It formalized the demand for ‘Purna Swarj’ or full independence to India. It declared
26 Jan.1930 would be celebrated as Independence Day. Decided to launch civil disobedience
movement.
15. Muslim political organization in India had luke warm response to civil disobedience movement.
Explain.
Answer: After Non-cooperation movement –Khilafat Movement large section of Muslim felt alienated
from congress. Hindu religions nationalist group came to be associated with Hindu Mahasabha. There
were Hindu-Muslim clashes. The Congress and Muslim league mad efforts to renegotiate. Many
Muslim leaders expressed their concern about the states of Muslim as minority group in India-which
would submerge under the dominance of a Hindu society.
16.How was 20th century Nationalism in India associated with images like ‘Bharat Mata’?
Answer: This image was first created by Bankim Chandra CHttopadhyay. In 1870 he wrote Vande
Matram a hymn to the mother land. Rabindranath Tagore in his painting portrayed Bharathmata as
calm, ascetic figure, composed, divine and spiritual.
17.India folklore helped in bringing feeling Nationalism. Explain.
Answer: In late 19th century, Indian Nationalist began recording folk tales sung by bards and toured
village to gather. The tales they believed gave true picture of traditional culture that was damaged by
outside forces. It was essential to preserve this folk tradition in order to discover the National Identity.
It restored a sense of pride in one’s past.
18. How did symbols and icons represent true Nationalism?
Answer: During Swadeshi Movement, a tricolour flag was designed representing eight provinces
through eight lotuses and a crescent moon symbolizing Hindu-Muslim unity. Later Gandhiji developed
tricolour flag (Red, Green and White) with a spinning wheel at centre representing self help. Carryi ng
the
flag
became
a
symbol
of
defiance.
LESSON – 3 -MONEY AND CREDIT
Barter System : Goods are exchanged without use of money.
Double Coincidence of wants : In exchange of goods both parties have to agree to sell and buy each others
commodities. In a barter system double coincidence of wants is an essential feature.
Medium of Exchange : Money act as an intermediate in the exchange process.
Currency is authorised by the government as medium of exchange.
-People deposit extra cash with the banks by opening the bank account in their name.
-The deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand, these Deposits are called demand deposits.
-A cheque is a paper instructing the bank to pay a specific amount from the persons account to the person in
whose name the cheque has been made.
Loan Activities of Banks :
-Banks in India these days bold about 15% of their deposits as cash.
-Kept as provision to pay the depositors who might come to withdraw money from the bank on any given day.
-Bank use the major portion of the deposits to extend loans.
-Difference between the interest rates is the main source of income for Banks.
What is Credit?
Credit broadly means giving money in advance for some purpose to an entrepreneur on interest which is
repaid after a period of time. Hence it is a kind of loan taken from sources like Banks, Finance companies,
money lenders etc.
Need for Credit: Farmers need credit to meet Working capital needs of production, Crop production, Purchase
of inputs, to meet consumption needs during non-monsoonal season. Collateral: Collateral is an asset that the
borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicle, livestock, deposits with banks) and uses this as a guarantee to a
lender until the loan is repaid. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the lender has the right to sell the asset or
collateral to obtain payment. Property such as land titles, deposits with banks, livestock are some common
examples of collateral used for borrowing.
Terms of Credit: Interest rate, collateral and documentation requirement, and the mode of repayment
together comprise what is called the terms of credit. The terms of credit vary substantially from one credit
arrangement to another. They may vary depending on the nature of the lender and the borrower.
Source of Credit
FORMAL CREDIT /INFORMAL CREDIT
Loans provided by institutions under the direct supervision of RBI. Main sources are Banks, Cooperative
Societies, Financial Institutions Loans provided by individual under no supervision, like money lenders, Friends
& Relatives, Traders etc. Credit is cheap and follows simple documentation process Credit is costly and involves
complicated documentation Easy repayment terms and collateral Repayment period is unspecific and demands
too much collateral. Though the informal credit is most popular among the rural areas government has taken
specific measures to popularize formal credit sources since cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the
country’s development.
Formal Sector Credit in India
- Loans from banks and co-operatives Functions of Reserve banks.
-Issues currency notes on behalf of the central government.
-RBI monitors the banks are actually maintaining cash balance.
-RBI collect information from banks, how much they are lending to whom, at what interest rate etc.
Informal Sector Loans
-The informal lenders, traders, employers, relatives and friends etc.
-There is no organisation which supervise the credit activities of lenders.
-They can lend at what ever interest rate they choose.
-Their is no one to stop then from using unfair means to get their money back.
SELF HELP GROUPS (SHG)
In order to organize rural poor women and provide cheap credit through formal sources Government is
now promoting women Self Help Groups(SHGs). A typical SHG has 15-20 members in a neighborhood pooling
their small savings and take loans to meet their needs. The group charges very less interest on the loans and
the members are benefitted. Loans are sanctioned to groups for creating self employment opportunities. Most
of the important decisions regarding the savings and loan activities are taken by the group members. The group
decides as regards the loans to be granted — the purpose, amount, interest to be charged, repayment schedule
etc. Also, it is the group which is responsible for the repayment of the loan.
Give the meaning and functions of money.
Meaning of money:
measure of value.
Money may be anything chosen by common consent as a medium of exchange and
Functions of money:
(A) Primary functions:
(a) Medium of exchange
(b) Medium of value
(B) Secondary functions:
(a) Store of value
(b) Standard of deferred payments (c) Transfer of value
What is banking? Give the main features of commercial banking.
Ans. Banking is defined as the accepting of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment of deposited
money by the public, repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawal by cheque, draft order or
otherwise.
Main features of commercial banks are as follows:
(i) It deals with money, it accepts deposits and advances loans.
(ii) It also deals with credit, it has the power to create credit.
(iii) It is a commercial institution, whose aim is to earn profit.
(iv) It is a unique financial institution that creates demand.
(v) It deals with the general public.
Highlight the formal and informal credit sources in India.
Ans. (A) Formal credit sources
(i) Commercial Banks (ii) Central Bank (iii) Government Agency (iv) LIC
(v) Registered Chit Fund Companies (vi) UTI (vii) Mutual Fund Institution
Above mentioned all formal financial institutions accept savings and sanction loans to the people, companies
and other agencies.
(B) Informal credit sources
(i) Local moneylenders: village mahajan and sarafs or gold smiths in the rural areas or in the cities.
(ii) Land lords: this class include the big, middle and small category land-lords. They accept as collateral, title
documents of agricultural land, dwelling unit, factories and issue loans to needy persons and companies.
(iii) Self help groups: thrift and credit societies, union of government servants, cooperative societies and
farmers, labourers, domestic helpers and housewives organizations. They also accept savings from
people and help their needy members.
different
(iv) Chit fund companies and private finance companies are very powerful informal financial institutions. Some
of them are working very effectively in villages and cities and all pay more interest to depositors than the
formal agencies and institutions.
What are main functions of Reserve Bank of India?
Ans. The main function of the central bank is to act governor of the machinery of credit in order to secure
stability of prices. It regulates the volume of credit and currency, pumping in more money when market is dry
of cash, and pumping out money when there is credit. Broadly a central bank has two departments namely,
issue department and banking department.
The main functions are:
(i) Issue of currency: the central bank is given the sole monopoly of issuing currency in order to secure control
over volume of currency and credit. These notes circulate throughout the country as legal tender money.
(ii) Banker to the government: central bank functions as a banker to the government – both central and state
governments. It carries out all banking business of the government.
(iii) Banker‘s bank and supervisor: Central Bank acts as banker‘s bank in three capacities:
(i) it is custodian of their cash reserves.
(ii) Central Bank is lender of last resort.
(iii) It acts as a bank of central clearance, settlements and transfers.
(iv) Controller of credit and money supply: it is an important function of a central bank to control credit and
money supply through its monetary policy. There are two parts of monetary policy, viz, currency and credit.
Central bank has a monopoly of issuing notes and thereby can control the volumes of currency. It controls
credit and money supply by adopting quantitative and qualitative measures
Most of the poor households are still dependent on informal sources of credit’. Explain.
Ans. a) Banks are not present everywhere in rural India, where as the informal sources are easily available in all
the villages.
b) Getting a loan from the bank is much more difficult than taking a loan from the informal resources because
bank loans require proper documents and collateral. Most of the poor people don’t possess anything to offer
as collateral.
c) Moneylenders provide loan to the poor people without any collateral.
d) The formal sources provide loan only for productive purposes, whereas the informal sources provide credit
for productive and non-productive purposes.
e) The method of business of the formal source is very complex, whereas the informal resources have a very
simple way of business.
Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the countries development. Highlight the role of loans in reference
to India.
Ans. 1. High cost of borrowing leads to a major share of profits to be paid as interest.
2. At time higher rates leads to more interests than the principal.
3. Debt trap discourages new entrants
4. More loans given by banks and co-operatives
5. Promotion of small scale industries.
Why is it necessary to expand formal sector loans to the people?
Everyone can get loan from bank at cheaper interest rates,loans can be repaid , bank loans on lower rates can
be easily repaid
Describe the various forms in which minerals occur.
Ans:a) In igneous and metamorphic rocks (cracks, crevice, faults or joints)
b) In beds or layers of sedimentary rocks due to deposition, accumulation and concentration.
c) Decomposition of surface rocks
d) Alluvial deposits in sands of valleys and the base of hills as “Placer Deposits”
Why is mining activity often called a “Killer Industry”. Give three reasons.
Ans:
a) High risk involved
b) Due to poisonous fumes, mines are vulnerable to workers for pulmonary diseases.
c) Risk of collapsing mines roofs, and fires in coal mines.
d) Water sources get contaminated.
Mention any two differences between Hydel Electricity and thermal electricity?
Ans. Hydel Electricity
Thermal Electricity
* It is produced from water
It is obtained by using coal, petroleum & natural gas.
* It is a renewable resource
It is a non renewable resource
* It accounts 25% of total electricity
It accounts 70% of total produced in India electricity
produced in India.
Q.12 Distinguish Natural gas & Biogas?
Natural Gas
Bio Gas
* It is used as source of power
It is used mostly in rural areas
* It is also used as raw materials
It is not used as raw materials
in petro chemicals industries
* It takes less time in establishing
a power plant.
It is derived from farm shrubs,
Animal and human wastes.
Why solar energy has brought future in India?
Ans. - India lies in the tropical and sub-tropical zones. Therefore there is an abundance supply of solar
energy.
- It is a renewable source of energy.
- It is pollution free.
- It is a universal source of energy and has huge potential.
- It is comparatively easy and cheaper to be installed.
- It is mainly used in agricultural as well as domestic sectors.
Why are coal, minerals oil and gas called the fossil fuels? What are the two major defects of power
production from these sources?
Ans. They are obtained from sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks contain fossils, which are embedded remains of animals and plants.
Defects
They are exhaustible and cannot be replenished by man.
They are not pollution free
India now ranks as a “WIND SUPER POWER “in the world. Why?
India gets the advantage of trade winds, westerlies and monsoon winds.
Wind energy completely pollution free and non exhaustible that’s why it becomes popular.
wind energy. Wind power plant at LAMBA in Gujarat, is the largest Asia.
How can we conserve energy resources in India? Explain
Ans : Following efforts can be made to conserve energy resource in India:
Using public transport instead of individual vehicles.
Switching of electricity when not in use.
Using power saving devices.
More and more use of non conventional source of energy as they are renewable and eco-friendly.
In automobiles electrical motors should be introduced. Intensified exploration and research of new
sources of energy.
Uses of Aluminium- used in aircraft industry,for making utensils,coins,etc,used in the electrical
industry ,for making window /door frames in the construction industry
POPULAR STRUGGLE
Important Features of struggle in Nepal
 The movement began in 2006. It was a movement to restore democracy which was established
in 1990.
 Call for indefinite strike was given by the Seven-party Alliance.
 SPA was not the only organization supporting the mass upsurge. Nepalese Communist
Party (Maoist) was also a part of it.
Important Features of struggle in Bolivia
 Bolivia, a poor country in Latin America, sold its municipal water supply rights to a multinational
company(MNC)
 The company raised the price of water four times.
 No political party led the struggle
 An organization comprising local professionals, engineers and environments, supported by
farmers who supported irrigation, workers union , students, all of them together formed the
FEDECOR
Mention any three similarities between the movements in Nepal and Bolivia.
Ans.:- 1. Both these are instances of political conflict that led to popular struggles.
2.In both cases, the struggle involves mass mobilizations public demonstration of mass support clinched
the dispute.
3. Both instances involved the critical role of political organization.
Write the composition of the organization which protested against water privatization in Bolivia?
Ans.:- 1. The protest against water privatization in Bolivia was not led by any political party. It was led by
FEDECOR.
2.This organization comprised of local professionals, including engineers and environmentalists.
3.They were supported by a federation of farmers who relied on irrigation, middle class students,
confederation of factory workers, unions and the city’s growing population of the homeless street
children.
What are public interest groups? How do they look after the public interests?
Ans.:- A public interest group is a group that promotes the interests of the people of the society. There
interests can be of a particular section of the society or of the entire society in general. Their activities
benefit the entire society and not just a particular section of the society. Ans:-2nd Part of the question
1.They organize meetings and try to gain the public support for their cause.
2. They try to influence the media by drawing its attention to their issues.
3. They sometimes organized strikes and dharna’s to voice their interests.
E.g.: - Bolivia organization FEDECOR and government employee’s movement called BAMCEF are some
examples of public interest group.
What are sectional interest groups? How do they differ from public interest groups? Ans.:- Sectional
interest groups refers to the interest groups that seek to promote the interest of a particular section or
a group of society. Trade unions, business associations and professional bodies (lawyers, doctors,
teachers etc.) are some examples of sectional interest groups—
Ans:-2nd Part of the question
1. Public interest groups promote collective rather than selective good. They aim to help groups other
than their own members: for example a group fighting against bonded labor fights not for itself but for
those who are suffering under such bondage.
2. Sometimes these organizations represent the common or general interest of the society.
They also exert pressure on the Government to meet their demands
Write in brief about the Nepal’s second movement for democracy
Ans.:- 1. The Nepal movement took place in April 2006 which was aimed at restoring democracy.
2. The Nepalese king Birendra was killed in 2001.
3. The new king Gyanendra refused to accept the democratic rule.
4. In February 2005 the king dismissed the Prime Minister and dissolved the popularly elected
parliament.
5. All the major parties in the parliament formed SPA and called for a four day’s strike in
Katmandu.
6. This strike turned into an indefinite strike after the involvement of Maoist with 3 to 5 lakh people.
7. On 24 th April 2006, the king was forced to concede the demands of the people. The SPA chose
Girija Prasad Koirala as the new P.M. of the interim govt.
Discuss in brief the popular struggle of Bolivia
Ans.:- i. Bolivia is a poor country in Latin America. The World Bank pressurized the government to give
up its control of municipal water supply.
ii. The govt. sold these rights for the city of Cochabamba to a MNC. Iii.
The MNC immediately increased the price of water by four times.
iv. Many people received water bills of Rs- 1000 where as their average monthly income was Rs.
5000/.
v. In January 2000 a new alliance of labor, human rights and community leaders organized a
Successful four days general strike in the city and the Govt. agreed to negotiate, yet nothing
happened.
vi. The agitation started again in February but the police restored to brutal repression.
vii. Another strike followed in April and the Govt. imposed martial law.
viii. But the power of the people forced the officials of the MNC and the govt. to concede to all the
demands of the protesters.
ix. Finally the contract with the MNC was cancelled and water supply was restored to the municipality
at old rates.
Describe any three differences between a pressure group and a political party?
1. A pressure group is an organized or an unorganized body that seeks to promote its interests
while a political party seeks to attain political power by contesting elections.
2.Pressure groups are formed by the people of common interests, occupations and opinions while
political parties are formed on the basic of ideology and vision.
3.A pressure group represents their own single interests while political parties represent various
interests