URBAN TRANSPORTATION
in
TURKEY
Faruk Cirit
Transport Specialist
Ministry of Development
Transportation, Energy and Logistics Department
OUTLINE
1. Urbanization in the world
2. Urbanization in Turkey
3. Urban Transportation in Turkey
4. Urban Transportation Projects and Best Practices
1. URBANIZATION IN THE WORLD
Urban and Rural Population
Urban and rural population in the world, 1950-2050
Source: UN
Urban Population and Cities
Growth of world cities of all sizes, 1990-2030
Source: UN
2. URBANIZATION IN TURKEY
Urban and Rural Population
Population of Urban and Rural Population, 1940-2010
Millions
80
70
73,7
67,8
Population
60
56,5
50
44,7
40
35,6
30
17,8
10
0
13,5
4,3
1940
20,9
15,7
5,2
1950
18,9
44,0
33,3
27,8
20
56,2
25,1
23,1
21,9
23,8
19,6
17,5
13,7
8,9
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Years
Total Population
Urban Population
Rural Population
Source: TURKSTAT
Urban and Rural Population
Proportion of Urban and Rural Population in Turkey, 1950-2010
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
75%
76%
68%
62%
30%
20%
10%
25%
32%
38%
1960
1970
56%
65%
59%
41%
44%
35%
24%
0%
1950
1980
Urban
1990
2000
2010
Rural
Source: TURKSTAT
Motor Vehicle Stock in Turkey
Number of Motor Vehicles in Turkey, 1970-2014
Thousands
20.000
18.829
18.000
Number of Vehicles
16.000
14.000
12.000
9.858
10.000
8.971
8.000
6.000
4.000
2.000
0
370
138
232
1970
1980
1990
Total
2000
Cars
Others
2010
2014
Source: TURKSTAT
3. URBAN TRANSPORTATION IN TURKEY
Institutional Duties and Responsibilities
Local Authorities
Municipalities
• Preparation of Urban Transport Master Plans (UTMP) and urban transport projects
• Providing all kinds of public transport services
• Implementing transport infrastructure via central budget, tax revenues or foreign credits
Central/Governmental Authorities
Ministry of Transportation, Maritime Affairs and Communications (MoT)
• Development of urban transport policies
• Appraisal and approval of UTMPs and urban rail projects (technical aspects)
Ministry of Development
• Preparation of national development plans and annual investment programs
• Appraisal and approval of urban transport projects (financial and economic aspects)
Undersecretariat of Treasury
• Approval of foreign credit agreements
Approval Process of Urban Transport Projects
• Basic procedure for project evaluation and approval process according to project financing method.
A. Projects to be financed by foreign credit
B. Projects to be financed by national budget
1. Municipality proposes project to the Ministry
of Development (MoD) for approval.
1. Municipality proposes project to the Ministry
of Transportation (MoT).
2. If approved, project is added to the Annual
Investment Program.
2. If approved, MoT proposes project to the High
Planning Council (HPC) for authorization.
3. Municipality sends credit agreements to the
Treasury and apply for approval.
3. If approved, by the HPC, the project is added
to the Investment Program.
4. If approved, municipality signs credit
aggreements and starts tendering process for
the project.
4. MoT starts tendering process for the project
Main Issues and Problems in Urban Transportation in Turkey
• Rapid urbanization and population growth in urban areas
• Infrastructure lag behind dramatically increasing passenger demand
• Lack of well-designed urban transportation plans
•
•
•
•
•
Unintegrated transport and land use plans
Car dependent transport planning in most cities
Traffic congestion especially in big cities
Unregulated paratransit systems
Lack of human-friendly designed infrastructure
• Lack of well-defined institutional structure
• Poor coordination between local and central institutions
• Legislative gap for effective and sustainable urban transportation
• Lack of experienced human capital (in both central and local authorities)
Main Urban Transportation Policies in Turkey
There are 2 main policy documents;
• 10th National Development Plan, 2014-2018 (MoD)
• Transportation and Communication Strategy, 2011-2023 (MoT)
Selected main policies;
• Coordination between institutions will be strengthened.
• Legislation for urban transportation will be prepared.
• Public transportation services will be enhanced.
• IT and ITS will be efficiently utilized in traffic management and public transport services.
• Non-motorised transport modes will be supported.
• Demand-Oriented Transportation planning will be promoted over Car-Dependent planning.
• Parking management systems will be put into effect
Main Urban Transportation Policies in Turkey
Selected main policies;
• Taking passenger demand into account public transport systems will be prioritized.
• Bus systems will be the main preference, and in the routes where these are insufficient, rail
transit systems will be preferred.
• For the approval of rail transit systems minimum levels (thresholds) of peak passenger
demand per hour per direction (phd) in the most crowded section will be considered as;
 7,000 phd for tramway systems,
 10,000 phd for light rail systems,
 15,000 phd for metro systems.
4. URBAN TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS
AND BEST PRACTICES
Rail Transit Systems
Urban Rail Line Network in Turkey
Urban Rail Line Network in Cities* (2015)
900
İstanbul
800
98
Ankara
607
CITY
477
400
40
Kayseri
34
Konya
300
Samsun
200
Existing
26
Gaziantep
292
81
48
Eskişehir
500
57
93 10
Bursa
600
LENGTH (KM)
İzmir
787
700
206
Under Construction
21
16
Adana 14
100
Antalya 11 18
0
2006
2013
2015
2018*
YEARS
* Expected
0
50
100
150
LENGTH (KM)
200
250
300
* Suburban rail lines included
Existing Rail System Projects
İstanbul Kadıköy-Kartal-Kaynarca Metro Line
• 1.5 billion € cost, 25.9 km line+144 trains
• 4.4 km Kartal-Kaynarca section (early 2016)
• Traffic: 300k/day
Existing Rail System Projects
İstanbul Marmaray Project
• Bosphorus Crossing Section: 2013, 1.3 billion €, 13.5 km
• Commuter Rail Section: 2019, 1.3 billion €, 63 km
• Rolling Stock: 585 million €, 440 trains
• Consultancy: 150 million €
• Total Cost: 3.3 billion €
• Expected Traffic: 1 million pax/day
• Realised Traffic: 170k pax/day
• Expected Benefits:




Rail connection between two continents
Integration of urban rail network in Istanbul
Time saving, energy efficient, clean
Decrease in road traffic
Rail Systems Under Construction
• İstanbul Üsküdar-Ümraniye-Dudullu Metro Line
760 m € cost, 20 km line+126 trains, scheduled for early 2016.
• İstanbul Kabataş-Mahmutbey Metro Line
1.6 billion € cost, 24,5 km line+300 trains, scheduled for late 2018.
• Ankara Metro Lines
1.1 billion € cost, 44 km line+324 trains, partially in servive, scheduled for late 2016.
• İzmir Konak and Karşıyaka Tram Lines
132 m € cost, 22,7 km line + 38 trains, scheduled for 2017.
Public-Private-Partnership Project
İstanbul Eurasia Tunnel Project (BOT)
• Length:
14.6 km highway tunnel
5.4 km is a two-story tunnel underneath the seabed
9.2 km road expansion and improvement
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cost:
Toll rate:
Traffic Guaranteed:
Construction Period:
Operation Period:
Travel time saving:
1.3 billion US $, scheduled for 2016
4 US $+VAT
25 million cars annually, (68.500 vehicles daily)
4 years 7 months
25 years 11 months
100 min to 15 min
İstanbul Eurasia Tunnel Project
Cycling Projects
Konya Cycling Project
• 42 stations, 500 bicycles, 240 km dedicated bicycle roads.
• About 4% share in total daily trips.
• 2023 target: 1000 km bicycle roads.
Intelligent Transport Systems Projects
İzmir Intelligent Traffic Management System Project
• Cost about 20 millions of Euro
• Includes implementation of;
 Traffic Control Center
 Traffic sensors and cameras
 Traffic information system (web, mobile apps etc.)
 Parking management and guidance systems
 Electronic traffic control systems
 Pedestrian info systems for disabled citizens.
THANK YOU !
Faruk Cirit
Transportation Specialist
Ministry of Development
[email protected]