Jap. Y. Human Genet. 23, 63-109, 1978
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE ABO BLOOD
GROUPS IN JAPAN 1
Yoshiko
FUJITA,Masako TANIMURA,and Katumi TANAKA
Department of Human Genetics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo
Data on ABO blood groups of 4,464,349 Japanese individuals
were collected from prefectural health departments, health centers, and
Red Cross blood centers in the whole country. Phenotypic and gene
frequencies for each subpopulation were calculated and tabulated.
Phenotypic frequencies in the whole sample are 29.25~ O, 38.65~ A,
22.15~ B and 9.95~ AB. Gene frequencies are estimated to be p(iA)=
0.2833, q(iB) = 0.1759, and r(I ~ = 0.5407.
Significant gradients of the gene frequencies were apparent, i.e. the
I a gene is increased and I B and I ~ genes are decreased from the northeast
to the southwest.
There are a slight, but significant, decrease in group O and increases
in other groups in recent years. Possible causes of these changes were
discussed.
Summary
INTRODUCTION
Country-wide distribution of ABO blood groups in Japan was studied first by
Furuhata (1933) on more than four hundreds thousands individuals. In 1940,
Kobayasi cited ABO data on 530 thousands Japanese individuals from 261 references published during the period from 1922 to 1939 and tabulated frequencies of
the phenotypes and alleles in all of 47 prefectures. Similar studies were carried
out by Tanaka (1959), Nei and Imaizumi (1966), and Akaishi and Kudo (1975),
compiling so far accessible data. These studies except Furuhata's one (1933) were
based upon numerous sources obtained during periods as long as 18 to 50 years
or more.
Recently extensive data on ABO blood groups became available at health
centers, Red Cross blood centers, and prefectural health departments in the whole
country. These data were collected, analyzed and presented in this communication.
Received November 22, 1977
1 This study was supported by the Scientific Research Grant from the Ministry of Education,
Science, and Culture No. 037020 in 1975 and No. 137071 in 1976 and 1977.
64
Y. FUJITA, M. TANIMURA, and K. TANAKA
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In September 1973, a letter was sent addressed to the health department of
each prefecture except Okinawa, requesting data on ABO and Rh blood groups
accumulated at the health centers under the health department. Health departments of 12 prefectures responded to the request. Subsequently, a similar letter
was sent to each health center of all other prefectures. Thus, ABO data for more
than 500 health centers, in total, were obtained. In several prefectures, such data
were available at Red Cross blood centers to which the blood typing was entirely
or partly entrusted.
In Kagoshima Prefecture, data on 376,515 high school students in the main
island of Kyushu obtained through Prof. Tetuo Zyo and data on 12,336 individuals
obtained from 3 health centers in isolated islands were used for the present analyses.
All the materials were blood-typed during the period from April 1964 to March
1975 inclusive, mostly from April 1970 to March 1973.
Most data were classified by the health centers where the blood typing was
carried out. In Metropolis Tokyo, data from two or more health centers located
in each of ku-districts were combined. Data from Nara Prefecture had been classified by residences of the testees.
Data from all the Red Cross blood centers and those from some prefectural
health departments gave only the total of the prefecture. In Fukushima Prefecture,
all blood typing were carried out at the Red Cross blood centers, and thus, distribution of blood groups at various districts in the prefecture was unknown.
Thus, ABO data on 4,464,349 individuals were divided into 46 prefectures, and
data on 3,292,766 individuals of the total were divided into 523 subpopulations by
health center or district.
In Figs. 6-14 in Appendix, health centers are shown by open circles or x
according to whether the ABO data were available or not at there, and centers of
ku-districts in Tokyo or local centers of regions in Nara and Kagoshima Prefectures
are shown by open squares.
Frequencies of phenotypes and alleles of ABO blood groups, and Z~ values
for the deviation from expectation of the random distribution were calculated for
(1) data of each health center or district, (2) total of data from all health centers or
districts in each prefecture, (3) data from each prefectural department, (4) data from
Red Cross blood centers in each prefecture, and (5) grand total of data in each
prefecture.
The frequencies of ABO alleles were estimated using following formulas;
Frequency of I a
p = 1 - ~(no + n~)/N~(l + D/2),
Frequency of I s
q = 1 - v'no + nA/Nil + D/2),
Frequency of I ~
r = ( ~ / n o - ~ . D/2)(1 + D/2),
where no, na, nB and N are, respectively, numbers of O, A, B, and all groups in the
65
ABO BLOOD GROUPS IN JAPAN
sample, and
D = 1 - ~/(no + n ~ ) / N - ~/(no + n~)/N - ~/~o/N.
Z2 value was calculated from 2N(1 + r/pq)D 2 with one degree of freedom.
These values for Data (5), i.e. grand total of each prefecture are summarized
in Table 1 and Fig. 2 (an equilateral triangle), and Data (1) to (4) are listed in Appendix.
RESULTS
Phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood groups in the whole country are 29.25~
Fig.6
_ J
1
Fig.'/
Fi g. 10
Fig.13
"
Fig. 8,9
Fig.11,12
r
//
Fig.14
Fig. 1. Prefectures in Japan. The numbers correspond to those in Table 1.
66
Y. FUJITA, M. TANIMURA, and K. TANAKA
8
a
O
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ABO
BLOOD
GROUPS
IN JAPAN
67
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~), 260 023 0 0
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53
q
Fig. 2. Distribution of ABO gene frequencies in Japan. M : Mean of the whole country.
O, 38.65~ A, 22.15~ B, and 9.95~ AB. Gene frequencies are estimated to be
p(IA)=0.2833, q(IB)=0.t759, and r(I~
Table 1 and the equilateral triangle (Fig. 2) indicate gradients of the gene frequencies, the I A allele being increased and I ~ and I ~ alleles being decreased from the
northeast to the southwest. The distance of each prefecture capital from an arbitrary origin, Aomori, the northernmost of Honshu Island, was measured in 1,000
kilometers along the National Railroads. Hokkaido was excluded from this analysis, since nearly all o f the present population of the island consist of relatively recent
immigrants from all localities of Japan and their progenies. The relationships
between the distances and frequencies of 1 A, U , and I ~ are shown in Figs. 3-5.
The correlation coefficients between the distance and the gene frequencies,
69
ABO BLOOD GROUPS IN JAPAN
P
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Fig. 3.
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1000
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Gradient of the frequency of IA allele, p.
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Fig. 4.
,
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Distance from Aomori.
T
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I
Gradient of the frequency of I ~ allele, q.
,
,
I
I
2000 km
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Fig. 5.
Gradient of the frequency of Io allele,, r.
and the regression coefficients of the gene frequencies on the distance are summarized as follows:
Correlation coefficient
Regression coefficient
p
0.80384
0.02498
q
-0.58602
-0.00610
r
-0.69657
-0.01886
The correlation coefficients are all highly significant at the 0.1~ level, with the t
values 8.922 for I A, -4.700 for P , and -6.535 for I ~ with 43 degrees of freedom.
DISCUSSION
The present analysis of the data on more than four million Japanese collected
from the whole country showed the frequencies of ABO blood groups to be O:
29.25+0.02~, A: 38.65_0.02~o, B: 22.15+0.02~, and AB: 9.95+0.01~. These
figures cannot be regarded as an exact representatives of the Japanese population,
since the samples were, by no means, randomly chosen from various subpopulations
which are different in the ABO frequencies from each other.
According to Furuhata (1933), frequencies of ABO blood groups for con-
ABO BLOOD GROUPS IN JAPAN
71
scripts, 121,200 in number, tested at the physical examination were 29.86~ O,
38.23~ A, 22.26~ B, and 9.65~ AB. The sample may be regarded as a nearly
ideal representative of Japanese population and the figures were rather similar to
those obtained in the present study. On the other hand, there are some indications
that the frequencies of ABO blood groups have changed in the recent years. According to Kobayasi (1940), phenotypic frequencies of ABO blood groups in 530,046
Japanese were O: 30.46_+0.06~, A: 38.35+__0.07~o, B: 21.77+0.06~, and AB:
9.42_ 0.04~. If inhabitants in Okinawa and outside the present territory of Japan
were excluded from her materials, the ABO frequencies in remaining 461,313 resided in the 46 prefectures corresponding to the area studied in the present communication are O: 30.43~, A: 38.37~, B: 21.79~o, and AB: 9.41~o, quite similar
to the frequencies obtained from her whole materials.
These figures, however, differ significantly from those obtained by the present
study. There are a relative decrease in group O and relative increases in groups
A, B, and AB in 30 years. The change is the largest in the O frequency. Similar
tendencies are observed in a majority of prefectures. Such differences may be
resulted from various causes as follows:
1) At least a part of these discrepancies may be only sampling errors.
2) There are some evidences that technical errors in blood typing were much
more frequent before 10 years or earlier than in the recent days.
3) Since, data compiled by Kobayasi and by the present authors were not
random samples from each subpopulation of the country, the differences in ABO
distributions between the two data may be attributable partly to differences among
localities where the samples were taken and the relative size of the samples.
4) Recent drastic migration had an important role in the changes of the ABO
distribution. According to a report from the Statistic Bureau, ~
Ministry
Office (1974), 2.5-4.1 ~ of Japanese population had migrated yearly beyond boundary of prefectures and other 3.2-4.0~ within prefecture during the period from
1950 to 1970. Immigration into great cities was most remarkable. The population
of Metropolis Tokyo, for instance, has increased from 5.0 millions in 1947 to 11.7
millions in 1975, and more than a half of the increase was estimated to be immigrants from all over the country.
However, the migration has not changed the gradient of ABO distribution;
that is, the regression coefficients of I A, I ~, and I ~ gene frequencies on the distances
from Aomori are estimated to be 0.02498, --0.00610, and --0.01886 respectively,
which reveal no signs of decrease from the estimates by Nei and Imaizumi (1966),
0.0243, --0.0093, and --0.0150 respectively based upon data cited from literature
published from 1922 to 1963, mostly prior to 1940.
5) A systematic decrease in group O may be resulted, at least, from increasing
breakdown of isolates in Japan. If a population was composed of many subpopulations differing in the gene frequency from each other, frequency of homozygotes
in the entire population may be expressed by
72
Y. FUJITA, M. TANIMURA~ and K. TANAKA
where x~ and fi are the gene frequency and n u m b e r o f individuals in i-th subpopulation, V~ is the variance o f x, and N is the total n u m b e r o f individuals in the entire
population.
With the advance o f the isolate breakdown, differences in the gene frequency
a m o n g subpopulations tend to decrease resulting in Vx--,0. Thus, the frequency
o f g r o u p O, all homozygotes, m a y decrease, and those o f A, B, and AB groups
increased, since a b o u t 80~o, 8 7 ~ and 1 0 0 ~ o f these groups, respectively, are heterozygotes in Japanese population. The effects o f isolate breakdown on the distribution o f A B O blood groups will be discussed in more detail elsewhere.
Acknowledgment
The authors are indebted to Drs. Hachiro Nakajima and Yoko Imaizumi
for valuable advices.
Particular thanks are due to Prof. T. Zyo, Prefectural Health Departments, Health Centers,
and Red Cross Blood Centers for the Cooperation in the collection of the data.
REFERENCES
Akaishi, S. and Kudo, T. 1975. Blood groups. In JIBP Synthesis: Human Adaptability, Vol. 2,
Anthropological and Genetic Studies on the Japanese (S, Watanabe, S. Kondo, and E. Matsunaga, eds.), pp. 77-107. Univ. of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Bureau of Statistics, Office of the Prime Ministry, Japan. 1974. Annual Report on the Internal
Migration in Japan Derived from the Basic Resident Registers.
Furuhata, T. 1925. Japanese and Ainu from the viewpoint of serology (in Japanese). Nihon
Gakujutsu Kyokai Hokoku (Proc. Jap. Acad. Soc.) 1 : 325-339.
Furuhata, T. 1933. On the serological position of the Japanese (in Japanese). Nihon Gakujutsu
Kyokai Hokoku (Proc. Jap. Acad. Soe.) 8: 564-573.
Kobayasi, T. 1940. Statistische Beobachtung der Bluttypenverteilung im ABO-System bei Japanern
(in Japanese). Hanzaigaku Zassi (Archly fiir Geriehtliehe Medizin und Kriminologie) 14:
727-735.
Nei, M, and Imaizumi, Y. 1966. Genetic structure of human populations. I, Local differentiation of blood group gene frequencies in Japan. Heredity 21 : 9-35.
Tanaka, T. 1959. A study on the Japanese from the standpoint of the blood groups (in Japanese
with English summary). Hanzaigaku Zasshi (Jap. J. of Legal Med. and Criminol.) 25: 37-67.
ABO BLOOD GROUPS IN JAPAN
73
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ABO BLOOD GROUPS IN JAPAN
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