Standardization of Power Transformers
Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Häger
Alstom Grid GmbH Activity Schorch Transformers
TRANSFORM Partner
Standardization of power transformers
Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Häger
1974 – 1982: Study Electrical Engineering at RWTH Aachen
1982: Diplom-Ingenieur
1982 – 1985: Design engineer for power transformers at Schorch GmbH
1985 – 1993: Test field engineer for power transformers
Since 1993: Head of high voltage test laboratory for large power
transformers
Since 1994: Member of National German Committee for standardization of
power transformers
Since 2005: Chairman of National German Committee for standardization of
power transformers, German speaker in CENELEC, German speaker in
IEC, member in different working groups
Karl-Heinz Häger, Alstom Grid GmbH Activity Schorch Transformers
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Introduction
 Why do we need standards?
Example: Commission Regulation (EC) No 2257/94 of 16 September 1994
Fits with standard
Does not fit without standard
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Introduction
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Content
 Introduction
 Standards for power transformers:
 Edition of new standards
 Maintenance on standards
 Use / application of standards
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Generation and transmission of electrical energy
 Standardization in generation, transmisson and distribution of electrical energy
Different voltage levels,
generation (27 kV)
transmission (400 kV)
generation (by wind power) (220 kV, 110 kV, 20 kV)
distribution (110 kV, 20 kV)
generation (by solar power) and consumption (end user) (0,4 kV)
Each voltage level is equipped with components and each component has an
input and an output:
cables
overhead lines
surge arresters
switch gears
power transformers
etc.
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Generation and transmission of electrical energy
 Power transformers are basic elements in a worldwide network.
 The standardization concerns mainly the specification of technical data, the testing
of manufactured transformers and the operation and maintenance.
 Standardization does not affect design and manufacturing:
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Standardized power transformers
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Administration
Organisations:
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
… is the world´s largest professional association dedicated to advancing
technological innovation and excellence for the benefit of humanity
International Electrotechnical Commission
… is the world´s leading organization that prepares and publishes International
Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
 Technical Committee: TC14
 1st Publication: 1955
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
US-comment on the first edition of IEC 76:
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
Situation of the IEC-Standard for power transformers:
 IEC 76 was renamed into IEC 60076
 Actually 21 parts (published, under revision or under work)
 Cover a range of approx. 5 kVA to more than 1000 MVA
750 MVA, 2011
500 kVAc approx. 1955
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
Situation of the IEC-Standard for power transformers:
 Minimum one winding must have a nominal voltage over 1000 Volts
 Highest system voltages are 420 kV and more
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
Situation of the IEC-Standard for power transformers:
 Not accessible to the general public:
 Application mainly in networks of public utilities and industry (not for private use,
end consumer use)
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
Important
 Part 1: General
Definitions
Ratings
Normal and unusual service conditions
Specifications, tolerances
Test procedures
etc.
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
Important
 Part 2: Temperature rise for liquid-immersed transformers
 Part 3: Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external clearances in air
 Part 5: Ability to withstand short circuit
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
Special
 Part 4: Guide for the lightning impulse and switching impulse testing
 Part 6: Reactors
 Part 7: Loading guide for oil immersed power transformers
 Part 8: Application guide
 Part 10: Determination of sound levels
 Part 11: Dry-type transformers
 Part 12 Loading guide for dry-type power transformers
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
Others („very special“, published or under work)
Examples:
 Part 13: Self protected liquid-liquid filled transformers
 Part 14: Design and application of liquid-immersed power transformers using high-
temperature insulation materials
 Part 15: Gas-filled power transformers
 Part 16: Transformers for wind turbine applications
 Part 18: Measurement of frequency response for power transformers
 Part 19: Rules for the determination of uncertainties in the measurement of the
losses on power transformers and reactors
 Part 20: Energy efficiency for distribution transformers
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IEC-Standards for power transformers
Special
 IEC 61378: Converter transformers (Part 1 to 3)
Part 1: Transformers for industrial applications
Part 2: Transformers for HVDC-applications
Part 3: Application guide
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Dual-Logo-Standards for power transformers
Example:
 IEC 60076 Part 21: Requirements, terminology and test code for step voltage
regulators
 IEC 62032: Application, Specification and Testing of Phase-shifting transformers
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IEC-Standards for components of power transformers
 Tap changers: IEC 60213 Part 1 and 2
 Bushings: IEC 60137
 Transformeroil:
for new transformers oil: IEC 60296
for used transformer oil: IEC 60422
for evaluation of DGA-results after testing: IEC 61181
for evaluation of DGA-results in operation: IEC 60599
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European standards for power transformers
 EN-Standards
European standards are worked out by CENELEC
(European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization)
Dresden Agreement: To avoid duplication, efforts and to reduce time when
preparing standards, new standards are jointly planned between IEC and
Cenelec.
Result: IEC- and EN-Standards are identical (except some minor deviations
referring mainly environmental and safety aspects).
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German standards for power tansformers
 DIN-VDE-Standards
Published by DKE (= DIN + VDE)
Contract between Federal Republic of Germany and DIN: The DIN is
recognized as the only responsible organization for standardization in
Germany.
Similar to the Dresden Agreement, DKE adapts all EN-Standards.
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Edition and maintenance of standards
 Germany: DKE K321 Transformatoren (= steering committee)
 Members and manufacturers and utilities
 K321 nominates representatives (German Speakers) for:
 Europe in CLC TC14 and worldwide in IEC TC14
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Edition and mintenance of standards
Edition of an new standard (main steps):
 Proposal by IEC TC14, CLC TC14 (or K321)
 Enquiry/Questlionaire to national members
 Call for experts for a working group and a convener
 The working group creates a committee draft (CD)
 CD is forwarded to national members for comments
 Comments are to be processed by the working group
 Publication of a committee draft for voting (CDV)
 Publication of a final draft international standard (FDIS)
 Publication of a standard
(similar procedure for a revision of an existing standard)
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Application of Standards
Meaning of standards
 The legal meanings in application of standards are different on the international
level, in the European Community and on the national level:
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Application of standards
Application of IEC-standards (international level):
 IEC-Standards are more or less a collection of technical details, rules, requirements
and instructions.
 These standards become meaningful, when they are implemented in contracts.
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Application of standards
Application of EN-standards (European Community):
 By application of EN-Standards it should be avoided, that single members protect
their own marked by unnecessary technical requirements and put other members of
the European Community into disadvantage.
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Application of standards
Application of DIN-Standards (Germany):
 In Germany, the application of standards in principle is voluntary!
 Independent from the application of a standard or from the application of self
created rules, the engineer always is fully responsible for his activities.
 But in case of doubts, the application of standards might prove proper technical
acting (and might be considered as „state of the art“).
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Summary
In this context, the titles of the IEC 76 and IEC 60076 are meaningful:
 IEC 76 (1955): Recommendations for power transformers
 IEC 60076 (2012): Power Transformers
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