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Standard Indicator 8-5.1 Reconstruction Policy
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The __Reconstruction__ policies of the federal government significantly impacted society and politics in South Carolina after the
_Civil War__.
The _federal government did not believe it had the responsibility to rebuild the South economically.
The government believed reconstruction was the responsibility of the _state__ and _local__ governments. (and individuals)
The Reconstruction policies of the national government did not include the reconstruction of _towns_, _factories_, __farms__ and
_transportation__ systems.
The __Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands__ known as the Freedmen’s bureau was established by Congress prior
to the end of the Civil War.
What was the purpose of the Freedmen’s Bureau? It was the first line of assistance to everyone affected by the war, including
whites & destitute freedmen.
Who was in control of the Freedmen’s Bureau? The United States army was in control of the bureau
Describe some of the items that the Freedmen’s Bureau provided. Food, clothing, medical care, education, and some protection
from hostile whites
The Freedmen’s Bureau also helped many former slaves find _jobs_ and established _courts__ to protect the illiterate workers.
The Bureau was also charged with distributing to freedmen those _lands_ that had been abandoned during the war or that had been
_confiscated___ as punishment for _disloyalty_ to the Union.
The Bureau was later forced to take these lands back when _President_ _Johnson_ pardoned _the white owners_ and returned
their property to them.
Why didn’t Congress pass legislation granting land to freedmen? Congress respected the constitutional rights of southern whites to
their landed property.
The majority of African Americans _did not_ receive lands that would have given them economic independence.
In lieu of having their own land, the Freedmen’s Bureau helped African Americans establish the _sharecropping__ relationship with
the worker-less_ plantation owner.
The system of sharecropping mired African Americans and poor whites in _economic dependence__ and _poverty__ for
generations.
What was the most important contribution of the Freedmen’s Bureau? The most important contribution of the Bureau was the
facilitation of the establishment of over 1,000 schools throughout the South.
Plans for Reconstruction were developed and promoted by Presidents _Lincoln__ & _Johnson_ and also by the United States
__Congress__.
What was the purpose of Lincoln’s plan? The purpose of the plan was to end the Civil War as quickly as possible.
What was the requirement of Lincoln’s plan before the states could reconstitute their governments and send representatives to
Congress? It required that 10% of the population swear allegiance to the Union before reconstituting their state governments and
sending representatives to Congress (designed to convince Southern states to surrender)
Lincoln also required the southern states to recognize _the end of slavery_.
President Johnson did not significantly change President Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan. (Johnson became president after Lincoln’s
assassination)
What other provisions did President Johnson include to humiliate the Southern elite? He required that the elite individually request
a pardon from him & ratify the 13th amendment that freed the slaves. (Johnson quickly granted pardons to the prominent
southerners who requested them)
What were the objectives of the Congressional Reconstruction plan? To protect the rights of the newly freed slaves and protect the
Republican’s political power
What did the Southern legislatures do when Congress was not in session? They passed Black Codes and elected former
Confederates to Congress
Describe how Congress treated the returning Southern officials to Congress? Congress refused to admit returning Southern officials
to Congress
What significantly changed the course of Reconstruction policy? Increased violence against the freedmen, President Johnson’s veto
of the extension of the Freedmen’s Bureau, & Johnson’s opposition to the 14th amendment
27. What led to a political victory by the “Radical Republicans” in 1866? The voting public’s reaction to violence in the South against
African Americans & the actions of President Johnson
28. What did the Radical Republicans pass in 1866? A Congressional plan for Reconstruction
29. What did the plan call for? Military occupation of the of the former Confederacy, Dividing the South into 5 military districts
30. South Carolina was in the 2nd _military district__.
31. How was each district governed? Each district had a military governor & federal troops to enforce Congressional Reconstruction
provisions
32. What did Congress do to President Johnson? Congress impeached President Johnson Why? To ensure that he could not use his
power as commander in chief to undermine Congressional Reconstruction plans
33. How did the impeachment affect Johnson? His power was curtailed(lessened) even though he remained as president
34. What did the Union Army attempt to enforce? Reconstruction policy and the 13th, 14th , & 15th amendments
35. What was required of the Southern states before they could form new governments? Ratification of & assurances that they would
abide by the 13th amendment
36. Describe the 13th amendment. Effected emancipation throughout the US and brought profound social change in South
37. Describe some of the tasks that the Freedmen worked on. Consolidation of their families and communities, establishment of a
network of churches & other autonomous institutions, claiming equal citizenship, get educations & carve out as much
independence in their lives as possible
38. How were social classes changed among the whites? Little change among classes, social classes remained fairly stable despite the
loss of economic status by the planter elite
39. What did the Black Codes demonstrate? That white South Carolinians were unwilling to recognize the social & political rights of
the freedmen
40. What did both blacks and whites prefer? They preferred to maintain a social distance that slavery had not allowed
41. African Americans left _white churches_ for congregations of their own.
42. Where did the African Americans move? What did this cause among whites? African Americans moved from the slave quarters to
plots of land away from the Big House & established their own communities. This separation & loss of control over African
Americans caused anxiety by whites to escalate
43. Describe the resentment from the whites toward their former slaves. They resented the freedom & lack of submissiveness of
former slaves
44. What did the whites fear? Retaliation by the former slaves
45. What did the formation of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan reflect? They reflected the mounting racial tension and the
determination of the white population to keep the African American population in ‘its place’ socially, politically & economically’.
46. What was the 14th Amendment designed to protect? The political and social rights of freedmen from intimidation
47. What did the 14th Amendment overturn? How? The 14th amendment overturned the Dred Scott decision by recognizing the
citizenship of African Americans, upholding the right to “equal protection before the laws” & “due process of law” for all citizens
48. What did the amendment require? 2/3rds of the Congress vote to grant amnesty to ex-Confederates before they could hold public
office
49. Describe the provision that was included in the 14th Amendment that ensured African Americans the right to vote. States refusing to
grant African American suffrage/political rights faced reduction of representation in Congress
50. Was this provision effective? What did it lead to? No it was not effective, it led to the ratification of the 15th amendment
51. What was the 15th Amendment? It ensured that the right of all male citizens to vote in the North & South & the vote could not be
denied due to “race, creed, or previous condition of servitude”
52. What motivated the adoption of the 15th Amendment? The desire to guarantee freedmen’s right to vote and the desire of the
Republican party to secure its political power in the South
53. What group contributed to the election of Grant in 1868? The Southern African American vote
54. What did South Carolina do with the 14th and 15th Amendments? SC refused to ratify the 14th & 15th amendments
55. As a result of Congressional Reconstruction, what did the military governor of South Carolina require? Required SC to hold a
convention to write a new state constitution that would recognize the amendments