US006870139B2
(12) United States Patent
(10) Patent N0.:
(45) Date of Patent:
Petrenko
(54)
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR
MODIFYING AN ICE-TO-OBJECT
INTERFACE
GB
GB
JP
JP
(73) Assignee: The Trustees of Dartmouth College,
Hanover, NH (US)
Notice:
Mar. 22, 2005
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
(75) Inventor: Victor Petrenko, Lebanon, NH (US)
(*)
US 6,870,139 B2
Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
patent is extended or adjusted under 35
2 106 966
2 252 285
405292638
407023520
W0
W0
W0
W0
WO
WO
WO
WO
00/24634
00/33614
00/52966
01/49564
A
A
A
A
4/1981
5/1992
11/1993
1/1995
5/2000
6/2000
9/2000
7/2001
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days.
Petrenko, Victor E, “The effect of static electric ?elds on ice
(21) Appl. No.: 10/364,438
friction”, Journal of Applied Physics, Jul. 15, 1994, pp.
(22) Filed:
(65)
1216—1219, vol. 76, No. 2.
Petrenko, Victor F. and Colebeck, Samuel C., “Generation of
electric ?elds by ice and snoW friction”, Journal of Applied
Feb. 11, 2003
Prior Publication Data
US 2003/0155467 A1 Aug. 21, 2003
Related US. Application Data
(60)
Provisional application No. 60/356,476, ?led on Feb. 11,
2002, provisional application No. 60/398,004, ?led on Jul.
23, 2002, and provisional application No. 60/404,872, ?led
on Aug. 21, 2002.
Physics, May 1, 1995, pp. 4518—4521, vol. 77, No. 9.
“Everstart Automotive”, http://WWW.everstart—batteri
es.com/products/use/automotive.asp, May 5, 2003, 1 page.
“Maxwell
Technologies:
Ultracapacitors—Boostcap
PC2500”,
http://WWW.maXWell.com/ultracapacitors/prod
ucts/PC2500.html, May 5, 2003, 2 pages.
(51)
Int. c1.7 ................................................ .. H05B 3/02
(52)
us. Cl. ..................... .. 219/482; 219/201; 219/202;
(List continued on neXt page.)
219/213; 219/492
(58)
Field of Search ............................... .. 219/200, 201,
219/202, 203, 213, 220, 482, 492, 209,
490; 37/197, 195, 227; 392/424; 404/77,
79, 95
(56)
References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
1,157,344 A
10/1915 Thomson
1,656,329 A
1/1928 Sievert et al.
2,496,279 A
2/1950 Ely et al.
2,870,311
3,204,084
3,316,344
3,318,345
3,790,752
3,809,341
1/1959
8/1965
4/1967
5/1967
2/1974
5/1974
A
A
A
A
A
A
Green?eld et al.
Spencer, Jr. et al.
Kidd et al.
Toms et al.
BoaZ et al.
Levin et al.
Primary Examiner—Tu Hoang
(74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Lathrop & Gage, LC.
(57)
ABSTRACT
Systems and methods for thermally modifying an ice-to
object interface. One system includes a poWer supply con
?gured to generate a magnitude of poWer. The magnitude of
the poWer is suf?cient to melt an interfacial layer of ice at the
interface; typically the interfacial layer has a thickness in a
range one micron to one millimeter. A controller may be
used to limit the duration in Which poWer supply generates
the magnitude of the poWer, to limit unneeded heat energy
dissipation into the environment. Modulating the pulsed
heating energy to the interface modi?es a coef?cient of
friction betWeen the object and the ice.
35 Claims, 62 Drawing Sheets
(List continued on neXt page.)
10 \
7: 5 7i
CONTROLLER
Ji
4/POWER
SUPPLY
/
US 6,870,139 B2
Page 2
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
3,825,371
3,835,269
3,915,883
3,964,183
3,971,056
4,082,962
4,085,338
4,119,866
4,135,221
4,137,447
4,190,137
4,278,875
4,321,296
4,330,703
4,638,960
4,690,353
4,732,351
4,737,618
4,760,978
4,773,976
4,814,546
4,875,644
4,887,041
4,897,597
4,950,950
4,985,313
5,109,140
5,112,449
5,143,325
5,144,962
5,218,472
5,344,696
5,398,547
5,411,121
5,496,989
5,523,959
5,551,288
5,605,418
5,744,704
5,861,855
5,873,254
5,902,962
5,947,418
6,018,152
6,027,075
6,031,214
6,129,314
6,145,787
6,194,685
6,227,492
6,239,601
6,279,856
6,297,165
6,297,474
6,330,986
6,396,172
6,427,946
6,492,629
2001/0052731
2002/0017466
2002/0092849
2002/0096515
2002/0118550
2002/0170909
2002/0175152
7/1974 Roder et al.
9/1974 Levin et al.
10/1975 VanMeter et al.
*
6/1976
7/1976
4/1978
4/1978
10/1978
1/1979
1/1979
2/1980
7/1981
3/1982
5/1982
1/1987
9/1987
3/1988
4/1988
8/1988
9/1988
3/1989
10/1989
12/1989
1/1990
8/1990
1/1991
4/1992
5/1992
9/1992
9/1992
6/1993
9/1994
3/1995
5/1995
3/1996
6/1996
9/1996
2/1997
4/1998
1/1999
2/1999
5/1999
9/1999
1/2000
2/2000
2/2000
10/2000
11/2000
2/2001
5/2001
5/2001
8/2001
10/2001
10/2001
12/2001
5/2002
8/2002
12/2002
12/2001
2/2002
7/2002
7/2002
8/2002
11/2002
11/2002
2003/ 0024726 A1
2/2003 Petrenko
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Petrenko, V.F. and Schulson, E.M., “Action of Electric
Mouat ...................... .. 219/220
Fields on the Plastic Deformation of Pure and Doped Ice
Jaskolski et al.
Single Crystals”, Philosophical Magazine A, 1993, pp.
Burgsdorf et al.
173—185, vol. 67, no. 1.
Genrikh et al.
Genrikh et al.
Genrikh et al.
Boaz
Shimada et al.
Bain
Reich, A., AIA 94—0714, “Interface In?uences Upon Ice
Rougier
Horsma et al.
Straube et al.
Haslim et al.
Bird
Barbier et al.
Schuyler et al.
Vexler
Whitney et al.
Adams et al.
Mashikian et al.
Whitener
Adhesion
to
Airfoil
Materials”,
BFGoodrich
Aerospace/De—icing Systerns, Brecksville/UniontoWn, OH
(32” Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Jan. 10—13,
1994), pp. 1—8.
“Icing Wind Tunnel”, Meeting the Challenges of Ice Testing
in a World—Class Facility—BFGoodrich Aerospace Ice Pro
tection Systems, 4 pages.
Phillips, EdWard H., “NeW Goodrich Wind Tunnel Tests
Advanced Aircraft De—Icing Systerns”, UniontoWn, Ohio,
Aviation Week Magazine, Oct. 3, 1988, 3 pages.
“The Evolution of Ice Protection Creates a Revolution in Ice
Detection”, BFGoodrich Aerospace Ice Protection Systems,
2 pages.
Petrenko, Victor E, “Electromechanical Phenomena in Ice”,
Thayer School of Engineering Special Report 96—2; Feb.
Perry et al.
1996.
Penneck et al.
Petrenko, Victor E, “Study of the Surface of Ice, Ice/Solid
and Ice—Liquid Interfaces With Scanning Force Micros
Nguyen
Jozefowicz et al.
Zieve et al.
Counts et al.
Jozefowicz et al.
copy”, Journal of Physical Chemistry B., 1997, 1001;
6285—6289.
Petrenko, V.F. and Peng, S., “Reduction of Ice Adhesion to
Hastings et al.
Metal by Using Self—Assernbling Monolayers (SAMs)”,
Gerardi et al.
LaForte et al.
Bradford et al.
vol. 81, no. 1/2.
Seegmiller
proton conductivity of single ice crystals”, Philosophical
Geraldi et al.
Watanabe et al.
Hu et al.
Arsenault et al.
Arav
Gazdzinski
Bessiere et al.
Allaire et al.
Petrenko
Bost et al.
Giamati et al.
Rolls
Rutherford
Schellhase et al.
Weinstein
Rutherford et al.
Okumura et al.
Magazine B, 1992, pp. 341—353, vol. 66, no. 3.
Kelly et al.
Rutherford et al.
Couture
Petrenko
Sopory
Petrenko
Petrenko
Petrenko
Petrenko
Petrenko et al.
Petrenko
Petrenko
Canadian Journal of Physics, J an./Feb. 2003, pp. 387—393,
Petrenko, Victor E, “The effect of static electric ?elds on
Courville, Zoe and Petrenko, V.F., “De—icing Layers of
Interdigitated Microelectrodes”, Mat. Res. Soc. Syrnp. Proc.
2000, pp. 329—334, vol. 604.
Petrenko, V.F. and Qi, Suogen, “Reduction of Ice Adhesion
to Stainless Steel by Ice Electrolysis”, Journal of Applied
Phy7sics, pp. 5450—5454, Nov. 1999, vol. 86, no. 10.
Petrenko, Victor F. and WhitWorth, Robert W., Physics of
Ice, @ 1999, pp. 1—373, Oxford University Press, Oxford,
NeW York.
International Search Report for PCT/US99/28330, corn
pleted May 5, 2000.
Best, Christian Michael (Authorized Of?cer), International
Search Report for PCT/US00/35529, cornpleted Feb. 5,
2001, 2 pages.
Srnith, Dianne for Hoang, Tu (Authorized Of?cer), Interna
tional Search Report for PCT/US00/05665, cornpleted Jun.
26, 2000, 2 pages.
Poon, Peter (Authorized Of?cer), International Search
Report for PCT/US99/25124, cornpleted Jan. 5, 2000, 1
page.
Charles Jordan, Exarniner, US. Patent Office, “International
Search Report”, US. Patent Office (Washington, DC), p. 1,
(Nov. 3, 1998).
* cited by exarniner
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 1 0f 62
US 6,870,139 B2
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 2 0f 62
US 6,870,139 B2
23: 24? 25
:\
28
Power Supply
2
FIG. 2
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 3 0f 62
US 6,870,139 B2
36
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22, 2005
Sheet 4 0f 62
US 6,870,139 B2
40
48
41
43
IS
U
(56)
46
45
FIG. 4
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 6 6f 62
Ice Detector
7_2
Tengperature
ensor
Power74Supply
l6-
_
Controller
FIG. 6
US 6,870,139 B2
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 8 0f 62
100
101
FIG. 8
US 6,870,139 B2
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
120 \
Sheet 9 0f 62
122
126
——-—
/123
Substrate
126
US 6,870,139 B2
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 10 0f 62
US 6,870,139 B2
/-13
25
15
10
130
FIG.11
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 11 0f 62
FIG. 12
US 6,870,139 B2
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 15 0f 62
US 6,870,139 B2
3
f/
L________.____
‘I I:
J
‘
A
F’
‘
I
a:
F,
I
A
I:
I
r::
E
I
r_____—
\\
I
l_—
g
6
IL
FIG.16
180
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 16 0f 62
US 6,870,139 B2
190
\
192
191
100
193
PA
'E
a
10
m
E:
o
l;
1
.z
*5
'5
r»:
8
E
33
E
8
0.1
0.01
0.001
1
10
100
1000
Frequency (Hz)
FIG. 17
10000
100000
194
U.S. Patent
Mar. 22,2005
Sheet 17 0f 62
US 6,870,139 B2
200
204
202
205
\
201
AC
V /\/
Power
Supply
FIG. 18
—
f
c.