Starting from academic year 2010/2011 Institute of Archaeology is offering a series of lectures in English, Spanish and German (optionally). They are seminars open for students interested in improving their knowledge and scientific skills in archaeology both of Europe and the New World, ranging from the Palaeolithic to the modern times. Each course is awarded 6 ECTS credits. l.p. lecturer 1. Jan Burdukiewicz Course title The earliest prehistory of Europe. Culture and environment 2. Andrzej Wiśniewski Lithic technology of the Stone Age 3. Tomasz Płonka Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic symbolism: change or continuity? 4. Mirosław First farmers and pastoralists in Near East and Furmanek Europe 5. Maciej Ehlert Flaked lithics in the Neolithic and metal ages ‐ technology, use and distribution 6. Marcin Diakowski The technology of bone and antler working from the Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages 7. Tomasz Gralak Selected problems of prehistoric architecture 8. Artur Błażejewski Romans and barbarians in Ancient Europe 9. Borys Paszkiewicz Outline of ancient numismatics 10. Borys Paszkiewicz Outline of medieval numismatics 11. Lech Marek Archaeology of arms and armour 12. Jerzy Piekalski Archaeology of medieval towns in Central Europe 13. Józef Szykulski Die Etappen der kulturgeschichtlichen Entwicklung der Andinen Gesellschaften. Vom Präkeramikum bis Inka 14. Daria Rosińska Spanish for archaeologists 15. Daria Rosińska Rock art of the New World 16. Ewa Lisowska 17. Justyna Baron 18. Bernadeta Kufel Introduction to petroarchaeology Archaeology of death Ancient technologies and experimental archaeology Under the microscope‐ laboratory for artefacts studies Conservation of the archaeological artefacts 19. Bernadeta Kufel 20. Beata Miazga language English sem. W English English S S English S English S English W English English English English English English Spanish or German W W W S S S S Spanish or English Spanish or English English English English W S W S English W English S W The earliest prehistory of Europe. Culture and environment Jan Burdukiewicz, Professor Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Completion requirements: essay Contents of lecture: Central Europe was first time settled by hominids c. 700 thousands years ago. During the Pleistocene northern part of the region was covered four times by Scandinavian glaciers. Numerous changes of the environment from mild climate to arctic one influenced strongly into variability of the human settlements in the area. During warm periods hominids groups went to the north and during cold events they escaped to southern part of the area. Recent discoveries show how growing intellectual and technological abilities of enabled existence in a hostile milieu already 400 thousands years ago, when hominids started to use wooden spears (the oldest in the world) to hunt a big game in the Lower Palaeolithic. Advance in lithic technology brought broader variety of stone tools and better adaptation to various ecological conditions. Since Middle Palaeolithic humans inhabited Central Europe also during cold periods, except full glacial periods. The Neanderthals formed various local groups, which were able to settle in some periods even Northern Scandinavia. Since 35 thousands years the next settlers of Central Europe were Homo sapiens groups, who invented a new blade technology and sophisticated art. Excavated settlement remains in Moravia and other parts of Central Europe show “golden age” of hunters and gatherers 30‐20 thousands years ago. Last glacial advance from Scandinavia to Central European Lowland interrupted human presence in the area during 3 thousands years. In Late Glacial period Central Europe was again colonised by hunters‐gatherers from living still in unstable climatic conditions up to the Holocene. Reading list: Burdukiewicz J.M., Ronen A. (eds.) 2003. Lower Palaeolithic small tools in Europe and the Levant, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford. Gamble C. 1999. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Post‐Pleniglacial re‐colonisation of the Great European Lowland, Folia Quaternaria, No. 70, 1999, Kraków. Svoboda J., Ložek V., Vlček E. 1996. Hunters between East and West: The Paleolithic of Moravia (Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology), Plenum Pub. Corp., New York. Lithic technology of the Stone Age Lecturer: Andrzej Wiśniewski, PhD Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course requirements: In order to receive credit for a class the students will submit two short papers concerning earlier presentations. The text must not exceed 10 pages. Active participation in the discussion will be also evaluated. Course objectives: The course is dedicated to broaden a scope of the knowledge about lithic technology in Stone Age. Students will obtain advance experience of theory and practice in lithic artefacts analyses. The course encompasses different aspects from description of artefacts and geofacts, geological occurrence and patterns of lithic sources used by prehistoric societies to strategy of making, using and maintenance of stone implements. In theoretical part participants will prepare the presentations based on the recommended literature. Each of presentation will come up for discussion. The practical part will concern the analysis of stone artefacts taking into consideration one of the recommended methods. Course contents: 1. Introduction to stone technology Technology and its meaning. Basic terminology: technology, technique and method, know‐how, knowledge. 2. The history of interest in lithic technology The beginnings of technological look at lithic finds in the Europe and America. The main roads of the technological research: from fossils to sequences of operations 3. Description of pattern of artefacts and problem of geofacts Different raw material and recognize of artificial patterns. Natural pieces from Silesian glacial sediments. 4. Live of artefacts General look at dynamic classifications, chain of operations and others tools to recognize the lithic manufacture 5. Raw material and technological organization. Part 1 Technology and quality and accessibilty to resources of raw material. Neanderthals and modern human procurement: similarities and differences 6. Raw material and technological organization. Part 2 7. The basic for analysis of lithic tools 8. Typology and its significance. Alternative methods: mass analyze Systems of classification in 20 century and implications of using 9. Functional and reductional models Discussion on significance of tool form and tool function. 10. Tools and its modifications. Part 1 Using and maintenance of tools. Different types of implements: formal and expedient tools. Concept of tool curation. 11. Tools and its modifications. Part 2 Frison efects. Ethnological perspectives of tool reduction 12. Settlement strategy and technology Discussion on reaction of technology to different stage of mobility: hunters and gatherers and sedentary people. 13. The oldest methods of core reduction 14. Experiment and technology: Elaboration of different lithic experiments concerning the Lower, Middle and Upper Palaeolithic technology. 15. Short summary of discussed problems Reading list: Andrefsky W., Jr. 1998. Lithics. Macroscopic approaches to analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Andrefsky W. Jr, 1994. Raw‐Material Availability and the Organization of Technology Author(s): William Andrefsky Jr. Source: American Antiquity 59, 21‐34. Bamforth D.B., 1986. Technological Efficiency and Tool Curation Author, American Antiquity 51, 38‐
50. Binford L.R., 1973. Interassemblage variability ‐ The Mousterian and the “functional” argument. In C. Renfrew (ed), The Explanation of Culture Change. Models in Prehistory, London. Binford L. R. 1979. Organization and formation processes: Looking at curated technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35, 255‐273. Bleed P. 2001. Trees or chains, links or branches: conceptual alternatives for consideration of stone tool production and other sequential activities, Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 8, 101–127. Cotterell B., Kamminga J. 1987. The Formation of Flakes, American Antiquity 52, 675‐708. Delagnes A., Roche H., 2005. Late Pliocene hominid knapping skills: the case of Lokalalei 2C, West Turkana, Kenya, Journal of Human Evolution. Dibble H.L. 1987. The interpretation of Middle Palaeolithic scraper morphology, American Antiquity 52, 109‐117. Féblot‐Augustins J., 1999. Raw material transport patterns and settlement systems in the European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: continuity, change and variability In W. Roebroeks, C.Gamble (eds), The Middle Palaeolithic occupation of Europe, University of Leiden, Leiden, 193‐214. Inizian M., Reduron‐Ballinger M., Roche H. and Tixier J. 1999. Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone, Nanterre: CREP. 14‐16, 30‐32. Newcomer M.H. 1971. Some Quantitative Experiments in Handaxe Manufacture Author(s): Source: World Archaeology 3, Technological Innovations, Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable, 85‐104. Schlanger N., 1990. Technique as human action: Two perspectives, Archaeological review from Cambridge 9, 18−26. Whittacker J.C. 1994. Flintknapping. Making and understanding stone tools, University of Texas Press, Austin. Peacock, E. 1991. Distinguishing between artifacts and geofacts: A test case from eastern England, Journal of Field Archaeology, 18, 345–361. Schild R. 1980. Introduction to Dynamic Technological Analysis of Chipped Stone Assemblages In R. Schild (ed.), Unconventional Archaeology. New approaches and goals in Polish Archaeology, Ossolineum, Wroclaw, 57‐85. Late Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic symbolism: change or continuity? Lecturer: Tomasz Płonka, PhD Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course requirements: an essay (not more than 8 pages), participation in discussion. Course objectives: the course concerns the problem of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic art, ornaments, colour using, graves seen as an archaeological evidence of symbol systems of Stone Age hunters and gatherers. The course aims at the discussion on the role of the systems in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic societies, their changes and continuity, which are debated vigorously in modern archaeological literature. It should enable to look at so‐called Palaeolithic an Mesolithic art from the point of view of anthropology rather than history of art. To carry my point I propose to discuss following problems: 1. Symbol and symbolism: definitions and archaeological finds. The history, state and method of research of Palaeolithic and Mesolithic symbols. The Palaeolithic and Mesolithic “art” – what does it mean and how to deal with it? 2. The world of hunters and gatherers. Social/cultural anthropology and its role in research of Stone Age societies. 3. The man as a symbolic species. The beginnings of symbol using: an archaeological evidence and theoretical concepts. 4. The Magdalenian of western Europe and its symbolic expression. Explanations of Magdalenian “art”. 5. Symbols in motion: Magdalenian migrations to central Europe, new symbolic forms and traditions. A new idea of woman’s body sculptures and engravings, its origins and meanings, styles of animal representations, geometrical ornaments and compositions. 6. The re‐colonization of the Great European Plain and networks of symbolic exchange. How to explain the scarcity of evidence? 7. Late Palaeolithic “art” and the roots of early Holocene ornamentation. The review of concepts. 8. Mesolithic symbol systems. Late Mesolithic semi‐sedentary settlement and new ways of social life. Reading list: Chase, Ph. 1999. Symbolism as reference and symbolism as culture, in R. Dunbar, Ch. Knight & C. Power (eds), The Evolution of Culture. An Interdisciplinary View: 34‐49. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Marshack, A. 1983. European Upper Paleolithic‐Mesolithic symbolic continuity. A cognitive, comparative study of ritual marking, in Valcamonica Symposium III‐1979: Proceedings the Intellectual Expressions of Prehistoric Man: Art and Religion: 111‐119. Capo di Ponte: Edizioni del Centro. Robb, J. E. 1998. The archaeology of symbols, Annual Review of Anthropology 27: 327‐346. First farmers and pastoralists in Near East and Europe Mirosław Furmanek, PhD Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course requirements A written, comprehensive final examination (70%) and homework assignment (30%). Course objectives The course is focused on the origin and development of farmers and pastoralists societies in Near East and Europe – one of humanity’s most important milestones. Topics covered include changing approaches to the origins of agriculture, domestication of plants and animals and its role in human societies, transition to farming in Asia and Europe, spread of agriculture in Europe, changes of economy, settlement, architecture, material culture, society, symbolic expression and religion in the Neolithic and Eneolithic Western Asia and Europe. Course Contents 1. What is the Neolithic? Changing approaches to the origins of agriculture. 2. The “Hearth of Domestication”. Transition to farming in south‐west Asia. 3. Changing in villagers life. Pre‐Pottery and Pottery Neolithic in the Levant. 4. The cradle of civilization. The Neolithic societies in Anatolia. 5. The first farming communities in Europe. The Neolithic in Greece. 6. Colonization, adoption, or what? Agricultural transition in Mediterranean Europe. 7. From Karanovo to Körös. The Neolithic communities in Balkan. 8. The world of longhouses. First farmers in central Europe: Linear Pottery culture. 9. After the big crisis. “Postlinear” cultures in central Europe. 10. From fishers and foragers to first proto‐cities. The Neolithic of Pontic societies. 11. Beyond the barriers. The neolithization of northern Europe. 12. The wool, wheel and copper. Eneolithic changes in society and economy. 13. Stones and burials. The megalithic idea in Europe. 14. Herders, horses, burial mounds and Indo‐Europeans. Late Neolithic cultures in steppe, forest‐
steppe and forest zones in central and eastern Europe. 15. On the verge of bronze age. The Bell Beaker culture in Europe. Reading list Anthony D. W., 2007, The Horse, the Wheel and Language, Princeton: Princeton University Press. Bailey D. W. 2000, Balkan Prehistory. Exclusion, Incorporation and Identity, London: Routledge. Baldia M. 1995, A spatial analysis of megalithic tombs, Dallas: Southern Methodist University, http://www.comp‐archaeology.org/010_Intro_Dis_SPATIAL_ANALYSIS_MEGT.htm Cauvin J., 2000, The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Gronenborn D., 1999, A variation on a basic theme. The transition to farming in Southern Central Europe, Journal of World Prehistory 13(2), 123‐210. Hodder I., 1990, Domestication of Europe, Oxford: Blackwell. Kruk J., S. Milisauskas 1999, Rozkwit i upadek społeczeństw rolniczych neolitu/The Rise and Fall of Neolithic Societies, Kraków: Instytut Archeologii I Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Midgley, M. S. 1992: TRB Culture: The First Farmers of the North European Plain, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Midgley M. S., 2008, Megaliths of Northern Europe, London: Routledge. Özdoğan M., N. Başgelen (ed.), Neolithic in Turkey, Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari. Perlès C., 2001, The Early Neolithic in Greece, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Price T. D. (ed.) 2000, Europe’s First Farmers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Renfrew C. 1990, Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo‐European Origins, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Simmons A. H., 2007, The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East. Transforming the Human Landscape, Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. Whittle A., 1996, Europe in the Neolithic: the creation of new worlds, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Flaked lithics in the Neolithic and metal ages – technology, use and distribution Maciej Ehlert, MA Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course objectives: Although in Central European archaeology flaked lithics are mainly associated with hunter‐gatherer societies of the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods, people continued to use flaked stone tools long after the advent of farming, animal husbandry or even smelting bronze and copper. Extensive networks of raw material distribution covered vast areas of landscape. Before being forgotten, lithic technologies of the Neolithic and Bronze Age evolved through time, and some of them were amongst the most sophisticated, producing regular blades and large bifaces. The aim of this course would be to make them more familiar to the participants, as well as to show them the place of flaked tools in societies of the periods mentioned before. Course contents: The subjects outlined below are suggestions of what could be discussed during the course, but in fact, anything matching its scope can be addressed during it if the participants wish so: ⋅ History and methods of research on the lithic industries of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in Poland. Problems and benefits of classification systems used so far; ⋅ Flintknapper’s toolkit – reconstruction and characteristic features; ⋅ Raw materials – mines, workshops, distribution, properties and use through time; ⋅ Before the “metric breakthrough” ‐ flaked stone tools of the first farmers in Poland; ⋅ Technological aspects of blade and quadrifacial axes production as seen from experimental perspective; Funnel Beaker lithic industries; ⋅ Bipolar (splinter) technique – technological simplicity and analytic complications; ⋅ Stones in the times of metal – from bifaces to chips in urn graves. Reading list: Papers or books necessary to prepare presentations and discuss particular subjects can either be found in the library of the Archaeology Institute, or will be made available for the participants at the beginning of the course. Requirements: Knowledge of English sufficient to read the literature and communicate during the discussion is necessary. In order to complete the course, the participants will prepare a presentation about a chosen subject. Besides that, also their activity in contributing to the discussion will be considered. The technology of bone and antler working from the Palaeolithic to the Middle Ages Marcin Diakowski, MA Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course requirements: oral exam 1. Introduction to the technology of bone and antler working 2. General osteology 3. Rudiments of taphonomy 4. Bone identification 5. Human and nonhuman modifications on the bone surface 6. The technology of bone and antler working in the Palaeolithic 7. The technology of bone and antler working in the Mesolithic and Neolithic 8. Flint vs. metal – working bone and antler in the Bronze Age 9. The technology of bone and antler working from the Early Iron Age to the Late Roman Period 10. The technology of bone and antler working in medieval Wrocław 11. The technology of bone and antler working – practice and experiments Reading list Binford L. R., 1981, Bones. Ancient men and modern myth, Academic Press, New York Kobryń H., Kobryńczuk F., Krysiak K. 2004, Anatomia zwierząt. Tom1. Aparat ruchowy, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa Marciniak A., 1996, Archeologia i jej źródła. Materiały faunistyczne w praktyce badawczej archeologii, PWN, Warszawa – Poznań. Lasota‐Moskalewska A., 1997, Podstawy archeozoologii. Szczątki ssaków, PWN, Warszawa. Lasota‐Moskalewska A. 2005, Zwierzęta udomowione w dziejach ludzkości, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warszawa Luik H. (red.), 2005, From Hooves to Horns, from Mollusc to Mammoth. Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallinn, 26th–31st of August 2003, Tallinn, Lyman R. L., 1994, Vertebrate taphonomy, Cambridge Univesity Press. Supplementary reading: Bagniewski Z., 1992a. W sprawie obróbki surowca rogowego w mezolicie, Studia Archeologiczne, 22, Wrocław, s. 13–33 Bubenik A.B., 1966. Das Geweih: Entwicklung, Aufbau und Ausformung der Geweihe und Gehörne und ihre Bedeutung für das Wild und für die Jagd, Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und Berlin. Classon A.T., 1983. Worked and unworked antlers and bone tools from Spoolde, de Gaste, the Ijsselmeerpolders and adjacent areas, Palaeohistoria, 25, s. 77–130. Cristiani E., Alhaique F., 2005. Flint vs. metal : the manufacture of bone tools at the Eneolithic site of Conelle di Acrevia (Central Italy), (w:) H. Luik (red.), From Hooves to Horns, from Mollusc to Mammoth. Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallinn, 26th–31st of August 2003, Tallinn, s. 397–403. David E. 2003. The contribution of the technological study of bone and antler industry for the Definition of the Early Maglemose culture, (w:) L. Larsson (red.) Mesolithic on the Move, 6th International Conference on the Mesolithic in Europe Meso 2000, Stockholm, 4–8 September 2000, Exeter, s. 649–657. David E., 1999. L'industrie en matières dures animales du Mèsolithique ancien et moyen en Europe du Nord. Contribution de l'analyse technologique à la définition du Maglemosien, praca doktorska, Université Nanterre, Paris. Drzewicz A., 2004. Wyroby z kości i poroża z osiedla obronnego ludności kultury łużyckiej w Biskupinie, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Semper, Warszawa Jaczewski Z., 1992. Poroże jeleniowatych. Wydanie II poprawione, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, Warszawa. Jensen, G., 2001, Macro Wear Patterns on Danish Late Mesolithic Antler Axes, (w:) Choyke, A. M., Bartosiewicz, L. (red.), Crafting Bone: Skeletal Technologies through Time and Space. Proceedings of the 2nd meeting of the (ICAZ) Worked Bone Research Group Budapest, 31 August – 5 September 1999, BAR International Series 937, s. 165‐170. Lasak I., 1995. Halsztackie pracownie obróbki poroży i kości w Rusku 34, gm. Strzegom, Studia Archeologiczne, 26,Wrocław, s. 147–167. Selected problems of prehistoric architecture Tomasz Gralak, PhD Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 General schedule 1. Introduction. Conception of architecture and building. Ontogenezis of architecture. 2. Excursion to Muzeum Wsi Opolskiej heritage park. 3. Basic traditional carpentry techniques. 4. Origins of numbers and measures. 5. Megalithic yard and sepulchral architecture in the Atlantic zone in the Neolithic period. 6. Neolithic housing and sepulchral architecture in Central Europe. 7. Housing and settlements shape in early Bronze Age in Central Europe. 8. Bronze Age barrows in Central Europe – shape, construction, structure. 9. Fortified settlements of Biskupin type. 10. Building of the Hallstatt period (early Iron Age) in Śląsk (SW part of Poland) 11. Architecture of the La Tène period in Central Europe. 12. Sepulchral architecture in the Baltic zone in the Roman period. 13. Housing and settlements shape in Central Europe in the Roman period. 14. Wooden architecture of the Middle Ages in Central Europe. Basic literature: Droberjar E., 1997 Studien zu den germanischen Siedlungen der älteren römischen Kaiserzeit in Mähren, Praha. Gediga B. (red.), 1989 Studia nad grodami epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w Europie Środkowej, Wrocław, Warszawa, Kraków, Gdańsk, Łódź. Gediga B., Piotrowski W., (red.), 2006 Architektura i budownictwo epoki brązu i wczesnych okresów epoki żelaza w Europie Środkowej Problemy rekonstrukcji, Biskupin‐Wrocław. Ifrah Georges, 1990 Dzieje liczby czyli historia wielkiego wynalazku, Wrocław‐Warszawa‐Kraków‐
Gdańsk‐Łódź. Godłowski K., 1969 Budownictwo rozplanowanie i wielkość osad kultury przeworskiej na Górnym Śląsku, Wiadomości Archeologiczne, t. 34, 305‐331. Krzak Z., 1994 Megality Europy. Warszawa. 2001 Megality świata. Wrocław‐Warszawa‐Kraków. Kula W., 2004 Miary i ludzie, Warszawa. Michalski J. , 1983 Zagadnienie systematyzacji i interpretacji obiektów nieruchomych, (ze studiów nad osadami otwartymi kultury łużyckiej), Materiały Starożytne i Wczesnośredniowieczne, t. V, 135‐186. Mierzwiński A., 2000 Zagadnienie obronności osiedli typu biskupińskiego. O potrzebie alternatywnej interpretacji, Przegląd Archeologiczny, t. 48, s. 141‐151. Jaskanis J. (red.), 1991 Prahistoryczny gród w Biskupinie Problematyka osiedli obronnych na początku epoki żelaza, Warszawa. Niesiołowska‐Hoffman A., 1963 Ze studiów nad budownictwem plemion kultury łużyckiej, Slavia Antiqua, t. 10, 25‐130. Niesiołowska‐Wędzka A., 1974, Początki i rozwój grodów kultury łużyckiej, Wrocław‐Warszawa‐
Kraków‐Gdańsk. Pokropek M., 1967 Budownictwo ludowe w Polsce, Warszawa. Rybakov B. A.. 1949 Russkije sistemy mer dliny XI –XV vekow. Iz istorii narodnych znanii, Sovietskaja Etnografija, 1949, 1, 67‐91. Schubert F., 1992 Metrologische Untersuchungen zu einem keltischem Langenmaß, Germania, t. 70, h. 2, 293‐305. 1994 Zur Maß‐ und Entwurfslehre keltischen Holzbauten im Oppidum von Manching, Germania, t. 72, h. 1, 133‐190. Tobolczyk M., 2000 Narodziny architektury, Warszawa. Thom A., 1967 Megalithic sites in Britain, Oxford. Witruwiusz, 2004 O Architekturze ksiąg dziesięć, Przełożył Kazimierz Kumaniecki, Warszawa. Wołągiewicz R., 1977 Kręgi kamienne w Grzybnicy, Koszalin. Michałowski A., 2003 Osady kultury przeworskiej z terenów ziem polskich, Poznań. Romans and barbarians in Ancient Europe Artur Błażejewski Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 1. Celtic and Germanic tribes at the end of 1st Century BC 2. Founding of Roman Provinces 3. Barbarians tribes of 1st – 4th Centuries AD 4. Roman limes 5. Roman architecture in Barbaricum 6. Roman presence in Barbaricum. Trade and wars 7. Roman coins among barbarians 8. Barbarian elites and Romanisation 9. Trade roads, Roman importations in Barbaricum 10. Barbarians in the Roman imperial army. Roman military equipment in Barbaricum 11. Barbarians on the sea 12. Pottery production in Barbaricum 13. Roman cults and religions in Barbaricum 14. Roman influences in the barbarian funeral customs 15. Mediterranean medicine among barbarians Outline of ancient numismatics Borys Paszkiewicz, Professor Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 detailed information on the course will appear soon Outline of medieval numismatics Borys Paszkiewicz, Professor Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 detailed information on the course will appear soon Archaeology of Arms and armour Lech Marek, PhD Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 detailed information on the course will appear soon Archaeology of medieval towns in Central Europe Jerzy Piekalski, Professor Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 The course aims at presenting current research on medieval towns, archaeology of castles and monasteries including: •
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material studies (analyses of functions and chronology of the cultural layers of the Market Square and selected burgher lots in Wrocław) beginnings of burgher Wrocław, its infrastructure and topographic development role and function of a medieval town centre including its development and housing culture studies on castles and fortified sites role of monasteries in constituting a topographic structure of medieval towns research on early burgher houses in Central Europe Die Etappen der kulturgeschichtlichen Entwicklung der Andinen Gesellschaften. Vom Präkeramikum bis Inka Józef Szykulski, Professor Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Kommentare zur Lehrveranstaltung im WS 2010/2011 Die Entwicklung der südamerikanischen Gesellschaften von frühen Sammlern und Jägern bis zur Herausbildung von Staaten ist im keinen Fall als kontinuierlich, d.h. als eine einfache Evolution, zu betrachten. In der Geschichte der menschlichen Siedlung in Südamerika ist es trotzdem möglich, einige Etappen (Kulturstufen) auszugliedern, die sich durch die weitgehende Veränderungen in archäologischen Kontexten abbilden; deren Bedeutung liegt nun in ihrer langfristigen Auswirkung auf die Gesellschaften. Es ist zu unterstreichen, dass in unterschiedlichen Arealen die sog. Kulturstufen (z. B. spezialisierte Jäger und Sammler, Anfang von Pflanzenanbau, Herausbildung hierarchischer Gesellschaften, etc.) beginnen in verschiedenen Zeiten und enden. Aber deren Abfolge scheint weitgehend gleich zu sein, auch wenn in einigen Gebieten nicht alle zu verzeichnen sind. In den Veranstaltungen wird dem Studierenden ein Überblick über die in der Wissenschaft funktionierenden Entwicklungsmodelle verschafft und die Etappen der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung mit seinen charakteristischen Merkmalen verständlich gemacht. Der Unterricht ist in zwei Teile gegliedert. Im ersten Teil werden die Entwicklungsmodelle von Steward (1949, 1955), Krieger (1953) und Willey & Phillips (1958) besprochen und anhand von Dias und Literaturangaben die kulturgeschichtliche Entwicklung in verschiedenen Regionen andiner Gebiete vorgestellt. Der zweite Teil dient der Diskussion des Lehrstoffes. Dabei sollen einzelne Theorien bzw. Entwicklungsetappen in verschiedenen Regionen in Form von Kurzreferaten (etwa 10 Min.) durch die Teilnehmer vorgetragen werden. Das Referat ist die Bedingung für den Erwerb eines Teilnahmescheins. Die Themen werden in den ersten Stunden zugeteilt. Ab 1. Semester geeignet; Spanisch‐ und Englischkenntnisse sind empfehlenswert. Für die Studierenden besteht auch die Möglichkeit zur Teilnahme an einem Forschungsprojekt, dass das Archäologische Institut UWr. in Südamerika realisiert. Spanish for archaeologists Daria Rosińska, MA Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 detailed information on the course will appear soon Rock art of the New World Daria Rosińska, MA Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 detailed information on the course will appear soon Introduction to petroarchaeology Ewa Lisowska, MA Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course content: 1. Introduction to course subject matter. What is petroarchaeology? Outline of research history in Europe and beyond. 2. A. Basic research methods: macroscopic determination, microscopic thin section analysis, XRD (x‐ray diffraction), XRF (x‐ray fluorescence), chemical analysis in micro‐range (SEM, EDS, WDS), catodoluminescence, REE (rare earth analysis), magnetism determination with the use of capometer. B. Cooperation between archaeologists and geologists, preparation of artefacts selected for laboratory analyses 3.Examples of analyses of lithic artefacts (axes mostly) from Silesia, Moravia and Hungary dated to the Neolithic. Distribution patterns of lithic raw materials in the Neolithic. 4.Great building projects of ancient Egypt, Greece and Rome. Use of petroarchaeology in indicating resources of building materials. Determination of transport routes on the basis of spatial analysis. 5. Petrographic analyses of pottery dated to the Neolithic, Roman period and the Middle Ages from European sites. Problem of import of pottery and/or temper. Together or apart? Some cultural interpretations resulted from petrographic analyses. 6. Archaeomineralogy. American school of G.R. Rapp. Some examples of application of petroarchaeological methods in China, Polynesia and North America. 7. Evolution in production of rotary quern stones in Europe, from the La Tene period to the Middle Ages. Selection of raw materials, resources and directions of distribution. 8. Archaeologemology. Gemstones and their use in prehistory, Middle Ages and modern times. Estetics of the gemstones in the past and today. Problems and methods in determination of gemstones. 9. Petroarchaeology and early metallurgy. Main European centres of copper extraction in the Bronze Age. Problems of distribution on the examples of bronze artefacts. 10. Development of sacral buildings in medieval Europe. Problems of obtaining stone raw materials for building churches. Building sites and stonework. Outline of main problems of petroarchitecture. 11. Exploitation of prime deposits of lithic raw materials. Preservation and types of prehistoric and historical quarries (from the Neolithic to the Middle Ages). Protection and present management of the site. Recognition of past outcrops within geological units. Production waste observed at quarries and mines. 12. Early medieval Scandinavian imports into area of Poland, Germany, Great Britain and Iceland on the examples of whetstones, stone vessels and quern stones. Russian imports in the early Middle Ages, distribution of spindle‐whorls made of Ovruč pyrophyllite schist, from the East toward the West. 13. Relations between typology, chronology and location of stone artefacts and raw material on the basis of selected examples. Role of archaeologist in petrographic determination of lithic raw materials. 14. Review of the most important raw materials used in prehistory and the Middle Ages. Igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks and basic methods of their identification. Raw materials and tools, problems of selection and relation between rock type and tool function. 15. Methods of laboratory analysis. Visiting the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Wroclaw University and the Mineralogical Museum. Reading list: 1. Hertz N., Garrison 1998. Geological Methods for Archaeology, Oxford/New York:. Oxford University Press 2. Přichystal A., Kremik L., Halavínová H. [ed.] 2009. Petroarchaeology in the Czech Republic and Poland at the beginning of the 21th century, Proceedings of the 4th International Petroarchaeological Symposium in Wrocław, October 2007, Brno 3. Rapp G. 2009. Archaeomineralogy, Springer ‐ Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 4. Resi H.G. 1990. Die Wetz‐ und Schleifsteine aus Haithabu. Mit Beiträgen von Helge Askvik, David T. Moore und Gernot Schlüter, Neumünster 5. Schön V. 1995. Die Mühlsteine von Haithabu und Schleswig. Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des mittelalterlichen Mühlenwesens in Nordwesteuropa, Neumünster 6. Stĕlcl J., Malina J. 1974. Zaklady petroarcheologie. Brno Archaeology of death Justyna Baron, PhD Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course requirements: knowledge of English sufficient to read the literature and communicate during the class is a course pre‐requirement. Active participation in the course and discussion is essential for awarding the credits. Course description: Most of archaeological evidence comes from sepulchral sites which often remain only base to conclude on past social structures, traditions or beliefs. The course aims at presenting selected aspect of research on death and burial rites recorded at prehistoric sites. The course includes three general groups of issues: 1. The first group contains theoretical basis of studies on death in archaeology (cultural‐historical, processual, postprocessual, phenomenological perspectives), anthropology and religion sciences. Methods borrowed from ethnology, comparativism, sociology are introduced as well. 2. The second group of problems refers to materiality of death like: body treatment, interpretation or/and reconstruction of burial rites, interpretation of gravegoods etc. Ethical issues on body treatment are presented as well. 3. The third group presents specialist analysis in studies on burial rites, reconstruction of cremation processes (incl. experimental processes, heated bones analyses), isotope palaeodiet studies etc. Reading list: Fredrik Fahlander, Terje Oestigaard (red.), 2008, The Materiality of Death. Bodies, burials, beliefs, BAR, Int. series 1768, Oxford Per Holck, 1987, Cremated bones, A medical‐anthropological study of an archaeological material on cremation burials, Antropologiske skrifter nr. 1c, Anatomical Institute, University of Oslo, 1997. Anders Kaliff, 2007, Fire, Water, Heaven and Earth. Ritual practice and cosmology in ancient Scandinavia” an Indo‐European perspective, Stockholm. Mike Parker Pearson, 2003, The Archaeology of Death and Burial, The History Press. Ladislav Šmejda (red.), 2006, Archaeology of Burial Mounds, Plzen. Ancient technologies and experimental archaeology Bernadeta Kufel, PhD Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course objectives: The aim of the course on experimental archaeology is to explain a role of experiment in solving analytical problems and archaeological interpretation with regard to the artefacts as well as the other remains retrieved from archaeological sites. Experimental archaeology, which plays an important role in public archaeology and “living archaeology” centres has recently lost its scientific character. Despite being almost 100 years old, this method is still a very important instrument of scientific research, that helps solving problems ranging from a reconstruction of the ancient technologies, understanding the formation processes and the consequences of postdepositional factors on the change of artefacts properties. By doing experimental research and observing experimental activities, students are able to improve their understanding of the archaeological evidence and explain the “history” of artefacts. Course contents: 1. Theoretical consideration on experimental archaeology as a research method and the role of ethnoarchaeology in planning a project of experimental research. 2. Discussing case studies in which experimental applications have been applied. The role of experiments in testing hypothesis – on the basis of current experimental research. 3. Experimental projects designed and conducted by students. The following topics can be examine experimentally: ‐ replication of flintknapping techniques by studying the debitage patterns and products, ‐ utilization of flint tools on different working material to replicate wear traces, ‐ pottery making, ‐ method of wood tar production and hafting tools, ‐ working with wood, dug‐out boats, ‐ flint versus metal tools – comparison of efficiency, ‐ replicate ancient musical instruments, ‐ reconstruction techniques of making textiles, ‐ taphonomic studies and simulating postdepositional processes, ‐ trampling as a site formation factor; what is a pseudotool? ‐ processing and cooking food and many other projects. Reading list: it will be provided weekly for students depending on chosen experimental projects Course requirements: active participation in the course and discussion (30%) and a final report on results of conducted experimental project (observations and conclusions) (70%). Under the microscope ‐ laboratory for artefacts studies Bernadeta Kufel Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course objectives: The aim of the course is to teach the analytical method of determining manufacture techniques and use of prehistoric tools made from various materials. Microscopic observations of use‐wear traces in order to determine tools function has its long European tradition but it is still a new technique in the most scientific centres. Based on experimental samples and ethnographic comparisons microscopic method is reliable and verifiable research method of explaining “tools biography”. The Laboratory of Archaeometry (at the Institute of Archaeology) is well‐equipped in stereo‐ and metallographic microscope with cameras for microphotography as well as in cleaning devices and experimental samples. Course contents: 1. Theory and practice of use‐wear observations: microscopy and the main types of traces. 2. “History” of the artefacts: manufacture, hafting, use, retooling and discard. 3. Wear formation. Site formation as an important factor of artefacts’ preservation. 4. Use‐wear analysis of experimental and archaeological tools made from stone (mostly flint), bone and antler, ceramics and metal. 5. The role of ethnoarchaeology and experimental archaeology in determining tools function. Reading list: Burroni D., Donahue R.E., Pollard A.M., Mussi M. 2002. The Surface Alteration Features of Flint Artefacts as a Record of Environmental Process, Journal of Archaeological Science, 29, 1277–
1287 Dries M.H. van den 1998. Archaeology and the application of Artificial Intelligence. Case studies of use‐wear analysis of prehistoric flint tools, Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia, 30, Leiden Gijn A.L. van 1990. The wear and tear of flint. Principles of functional analysis applied to Dutch Neolithic assemblages, Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia, 22, Leiden Hurcombe L. 2007. Archaeological Artefacts as Material Culture London, Routledge Keeley L.H. 1980. Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses. A Microwear Analysis, Prehistoric Archaeology and Ecology, A Series Edited by K.W. Butzer and L.G. Freeman, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, London Korobkova G.F. 1999. Narzędzia w pradziejach. Podstawy badania funkcji metodą traseologiczną, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Toruń Longo L., Skakun N. (eds.) “Prehistoric Technology” 40 years later: Functional Studies and the Russian Legacy, Oxford: BAR IS 1783/2008 Luik H., Choyke A.M., Batey C.E., Lougas L. (eds.) 2005. Proceedings of the 4th Meeting of the ICAZ Worked Bone Research Group at Tallin, 26‐31 August 2003, From Hooves to Horns, from Molluscs to Mammoth. Manufacture and Use of Bone Artefacts from Prehistoric Times to the Present, Muinasaja Teadus 15, Tallin Małecka‐Kukawka J. 2001. Między formą a funkcją. Traseologia neolitycznych zabytków krzemiennych z ziemi chełmińskiej, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Toruń Odell G.H. 2001. Stone tool research at the end of the millennium: classification, function and behavior, Journal of Archaeological Research, 9, 45–100 Petillon J.‐M. 2006. Des Magdaleniens en armes. Technologie des armatures de projectile en bois de cervide du Magdalenien superieur de la Grotte d’Isturitz (Pyrenees‐Atlantiques), Artefacts, 10, Editions du Centre d’études et de documencation archéologiques, Treignes Roberts B., Ottaway B.S. 2003. The use and significance of socketed axes during the Late Bronze Age, European Journal of Archaeology, 6(2), 119‐140 Vaughan P.C. 1985. Use‐wear analysis of flaked stone tools, The University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Course requirements: active participation in the course and discussion (30%) and a final report on results of use‐wear project (observations and conclusions) (70%). Conservation of the archaeological artefacts. Laboratory Beata Miazga, PhD Duration: one semester – 30 hours ECTS Credits: 6 Course contents: 1. Introduction – the aim of the course, laboratory rules 2. Field conservation ‐ first steps in the artefacts conservation, identification cards, photo/drawing (documentation), the protection against archaeological finds damages and decay 3. Laboratory conservation – preliminary steps in the artefacts conservation: -
cards of artefacts, documentation -
storage prior to treatment -
choice of the conservation method (mechanical cleaning) 4. Artefacts conservation procedures A. inorganic material i.
bone ii. glass iii. ceramics iv. metal – alloys of iron, copper, tin, lead (mechanical methods, electrolysis, chloride extraction, tannic and benzotriazole stabilization, corrosion inhibition) B. organic material – conservation methods of wet and dried artefacts: i.
leather and textile (Smithsonian Glycerin Treatment, PEG method – freeze drying, wax methods: Cosmoloid) ii. wood (PEG method ‐ freeze drying, sucrose method, resin method (camphor, Paraloid) C. composite artefacts (wood/metal, leather/wood/textile/metal) – acetone‐rosin method Reading list: 1. Studies of conservation (journal) 2. Website: http://nautarch.tamu.edu/class/anth605/File0.htm 3. Rodgers B.A. “The archaeologist’s manual for conservation. A guide to non‐toxic, minimal intervention artifacts stabilization” 2004 Kluwer, New York 4. Science for conservators vol.1 materials, vol.2 cleaning, vol.3 adhesive and coatings. Museums&Galleries Commisions, 2008. Course requirements: Active participation in the laboratory