Standard Indicator 8-5.3 Answer Sheet
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Circumstances surrounding the writing of a new state constitution for South Carolina reflected __the refusal of white
society to accept the freedom of Africa Americans & the authority of the federal government
South Carolina refused to ratify the _14th__ and _15th_ amendments.
What did these two amendments guarantee? Equal rights and the right to vote for black males
What were the Southern States required to do for failing to ratify the amendments? Call conventions & write new
constitutions__
How did the majority of whites react to the constitutional conventions? They boycotted it by refusing to elect
delegates to attend the convention
Why were African Americans so well represented in the South Carolina constitutional convention? They were the
majority of the state population so therefore they had the most delegates
More than _half_ of the delegates to the convention were _African Americans and half of these were _newly freed
slaves.
Who was selected to write the constitutional document? The recent immigrants to SC (Northerners)
What were African Americans allowed to do under the constitution of 1868? Vote & hold public office
In what state did the African Americans enjoy the most political freedoms? South Carolina
_African- Americans held every office in the state with the exception of the governorship and were a majority in the
_state legislature throughout the Reconstruction period.
South Carolina sent __6___ African Americans to the US House of Representatives.
How did white propaganda often portray African American elected officials? Ignorant ex-slaves
Describe the majority of the African Americans who served in the government. Inexperienced, but literate middle
class, many free before the Civil War
Describe some of the social services programs established by the Republicans during the Reconstruction period. State
supported institutions for the blind & deaf, public health care
What was the most important thing the Republican government established? Public schools for all children
What outcome did these new programs have on taxes? Raised tax rates
What did the whites argue? That the taxes were bankrupting them
Describe how the white South Carolinians effectively manipulated the Northern press? They exaggerated the
corruption of African American legislators and the incompetence of the Republican government_
What did the whites blame on the rising tax rate? Corruption
How did the Northern public eventually react? They gave up trying to change Southern attitudes and way of life
What is considered the enduring legacy of the Republican Party during Reconstruction? _the opening of educational
opportunities for African Americans
Most _Freedmen young and old desperately wanted to learn to read and write.
Prior to the end of slavery, some blacks had secretly _established schools_.
What did many Africans Americans do following emancipation? They began to attend Freedom Schools
Describe some of the ways that African American Freedom Schools were formed? Formed by the Freedmen’s Bureau,
Northern philanthropists, and government established public schools
Who initially provided support for establishment of colleges for African Americans in South Carolina? _Religious
denominations & Northern philanthropists
Name some of the colleges that they supported. Claflin College, Benedict College, Allen University, Avery Institute
and Penn School
Who traveled south? What did they serve as? Men &women to serve as teachers
How did the Southerners view the missionaries? As “carpetbaggers”
How did these schools affect the literacy rates in the South? Increased the literacy rates of blacks & whites
African American gains created a backlash among _white South Carolinians
33. Because the African Americans held a political majority, many white South Carolinians refused to participate in the
new state government_
34. What type of campaign did the whites wage against the African Americans and the Republicans? A campaign of
terror
35. With federal troops withdrawn and the state militia disbanded after the 1868 constitution, vigilante groups such as
the _Ku Klux Klan_, the _Riflemen_, and the __Red Shirts were free to engage in harassment, intimidation and
murder.
36. How did the federal government and President Grant respond to the harassment? Passed the Ku Klux Klan Act &
President Grant sent federal troops
37. Although some Klansman _surrendered_ and were brought to _trial_, the federal government’s insufficient efforts
only had the effect of encouraging the insurgency.
38. What were the white insurgents ready to contest by 1876? Republican political control of South Carolina in an
election
39. How did Reconstruction end in South Carolina? With violence & controversy
40. Where was the Hamburg massacre? It took place in a predominantly African American town in Aiken county
41. Describe the massacre. 6 black militia were killed by a white mob
42. What did this incident mark? Intensification in the white attempt to “redeem” South Carolina’s government
43. Describe some of the actions of the White Democrats? They committed violence, intimidation, & fraud
44. What were these Democrats called? “Red Shirts”
45. Who led them? Former Confederate General Wade Hampton III
46. How did President Grant react? Grant sent more federal troops, but that did not help
47. What threw the governor’s election into the General Assembly? Voting irregularities
48. How was this disputed? Both sides committed fraud & claimed victory & refused to give in
49. What was established? Two rival governments were established: Conservative Democrat & Republican
50. What did the two rival governments establish? Legislatures & capitols
51. Describe the standoff that ensued? White taxpayers refused to support the Republican government
52. Election irregularities also plagued the _National Government.
53. What was in dispute? The electoral votes of three states: South Carolina, Florida, & Louisiana
54. What were some of the factors that caused the support of the Congress to protect the African Americans to wane?
Resistance of Southern whites, corruption of President Grant’s administration, Northern economic depression, & an
increase in migration to the West
55. Describe the compromise that the Republicans and Democrats reached? Democrats agreed to recognize Rutherford
B. Hayes as president and the Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from South Carolina, Florida,&
Louisiana allowing Democrats to regain control of the states
56. Who withdrew the last troops from South Carolina? President Rutherford B. Hayes
57. What party took control of the South Carolina state government? Conservative Democrats
58. Who was in charge and was elected governor of South Carolina? Wade Hampton III
59. How did this affect the African Americans? Withdrawal of federal troops left the African Americans to fend(take
care of) for themselves in a hostile environment in South Carolina & throughout the South