University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences - Papers (Archive) Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2012 Star shots: Stigma, self disclosure and celebrity in bipolar disorder Wendy Cross Monash University Ken Walsh University of Wollongong, [email protected] Publication Details Cross, W. & Walsh, K. (2012). Star Shots: Stigma, self disclosure and celebrity in Bipolar Disorder. In J. Barnhill (Eds.), Bipolar Disorder - A Portrait of a Complex Mood Disorder (pp. 221-236). Rijeka: In Tech. Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Star shots: Stigma, self disclosure and celebrity in bipolar disorder Keywords self, disorder, stigma, star, shots, bipolar, celebrity, disclosure Disciplines Arts and Humanities | Life Sciences | Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences Publication Details Cross, W. & Walsh, K. (2012). Star Shots: Stigma, self disclosure and celebrity in Bipolar Disorder. In J. Barnhill (Eds.), Bipolar Disorder - A Portrait of a Complex Mood Disorder (pp. 221-236). Rijeka: In Tech. This book chapter is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/hbspapers/3063 10 Star Shots: Stigma, Self-Disclosure and Celebrity in Bipolar Disorder :HQG\&URVVDQG.HQ:DOVK 0RQDVK8QLYHUVLW\ 8QLYHUVLW\RI:ROORQJRQJ $XVWUDOLD 1. Introduction 5HFHQWSXEOLFGLVFORVXUHE\&DWKHULQH=HWD-RQHVRIKHUWUHDWPHQWIRU%LSRODUGLVRUGHUDQG WKH OLVW RI RWKHU FHOHEULWLHV SDVW DQG SUHVHQW ZKR KDYH DOVR H[SHULHQFHG PHQWDO KHDOWK SUREOHPVSURPSWHGXVWRH[SORUHWKHSKHQRPHQRQRIWKHVHOIGLVFORVXUHRIPHQWDOLOOQHVVE\ VXFKZHOONQRZQSXEOLFILJXUHVJLYHQWKHULVNRIVXFKGLVFORVXUH:HDVNHGWKHVHTXHVWLRQV :KDWGRHVWKLVPHDQIRUGHHSHQLQJXQGHUVWDQGLQJ" :KDWGRHVWKLVPHDQIRUUHGXFLQJVWLJPD" :KDWLVWKHUROHRIVHOIGLVFORVXUH" 2. 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