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TABLE 2: ANALYSIS OF LINEZOLID TABLET DOSAGE
FORMS
Formulation
Tablet 1
Tablet 2
Labeled claim
(mg)
600
600
Amount found*
(mg)
597.2
585.9
% Assay*±SD
99.5±1.26
97.7±1.65
*Each value is an average of Þve determinations. SD is standard deviation
and accurate for the estimation of linezolid in tablet
formulations.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Dharuman J, Ravichandran V, Krishna Pillai M, Sulaiman E, Lavanya
S, Jayalakshmi S, et al. Spectrophotometric method for the estimation
of linezolid in tablet. Indian J Pharm Sci 2004;66:235-7.
Slatter JG, Adams LA, Bush EC, Chiba K, Koike S, Ozawa N, et al.
Pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, distribution, metabolism and excretion
of linezolid in mouse, rat and dog. Xenobiotica 2002;32:24-8.
Narayana CL, Suresh T, Rao SM, Dubey PK, Babu JM. A validated
chiral HPLC method for the enantiomeric separation of linezolid on
amylase based stationary phase. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2003;32:21-8.
Buerger C, Joukhadar C, Muller M, Kloft C. Development of a liquid
chromatography method for the determination of linezolid and its
application to in vitro and human micro dialysis sample. J Chromatogr
B 2003;796:155-61.
Peng GW, Stryd RP, Murata S, Igarashi M, Chiba K, Aoyama H, et al.
Determination of linezolid in plasma by RP-HPLC. J Pharm Biomed
Anal 1999;20:65-73.
Manley HJ, McClaran ML, Bedenbaugh A, Peloquin CA. Linezolid
stability in peritoneal dialysis solution. Perit Dial Int 2002;22:419-22.
Agrawal H, Mahadik KP, Paradkar AR, Kaul N. Stability indicating
HPTLC determination of linezolid as bulk drug and in pharmaceutical
dosage form. Drug Develop Ind Pharm 2003;29:1119-26.
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The authors are thankful to Alembic Pharmaceuticals
Ltd, Vadodara, India for providing the gift sample of
linezolid and S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical
Education and Research for providing all the facilities
to carry out the work.
3.
9.
Anand N, Synthetic antibacterial agents. In: Abraham DJ, editors.
Burger’s medicinal chemistry and drug discovery: chemotherapeutic
agents, 6th ed. Vol. 5, Hoboken. John Wiley and Sons: New Jersey.
USA; 2003. p. 537-606.
Budavari S, editor. The Merck Index. 13th ed. Whitehouse station.
Merck and Co: NJ. USA; 2001, p. 986.
Accepted 26 July 2007
Revised 12 February 2007
Received 28 March 2006
Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2007, 69 (4): 571-574
Spectrophotometric Estimation of Total Tannins in Some
Ayurvedic Eye Drops
S. A. POLSHETTIWAR, R. O. GANJIWALE*, S. J. WADHER AND P. G. YEOLE
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Borgaon (Meghe), Wardha - 442 001, India.
Ayurvedic eye drops preparation contains aqueous extracts of different herbs. Ethnobotanical survey shows that plants
used in Ayurvedic eye drops formulation are rich source of tannin and tannin like compounds. Antioxidant and
antimicrobial properties of ayurvedic eye drops are attributed to the presence of tannins and tannin like compounds.
Therefore in the present study an attempt has been made to determine the tannin content in some ayurvedic eye
drops, by using Folin-Denis method. A blue colored complex is formed by using phosphotungustomolybdic acid.
Estimation was done on UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The tannin content of all the three brands was found to be
420, 918 and 270.49 µg/ml. The results obtained are reproducible with coefficient of variation less than 1.0% .
Hence the present approach can be used as one of the parameters for the standardization of ayurvedic eye drop
preparations.
Key words: Ayurvedic eye drops, tannins and spectrophotometer
Ophthalmic problem afflicts a substantial segment
of the population; some of these can be managed
with antibiotics and steroids. However prolonged
use of these drugs may have potential side effects.
*For correspondence
E-mail: [email protected]
574
Now-a-days, people increasingly prefer ayurvedic eye
drops because it is safe and relatively free from side
effect and adverse reactions. Ayurvedic eye drops are
known to show antiinflammatory, antioxidant and
antimicrobial activity due to their tannin content in
aqueous extract1. Therefore in the present study an
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
July - August 2007
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attempt has been made to determine the tannin and
tannin like compounds present in ayurvedic eye drops,
using Folin-Denis method and estimation was done on
UV/Vis spectrophotometer.
The appropriate aliquots from ayurvedic eye drop of
each brand were withdrawn in 10 ml volumetric ßask
separately. The blue coloured complex was developed
in the similar manner as in calibration curve studies,
replacing the tannic acid with ayurvedic eye drop and
the absorbance for aliquots of each brand was noted
at 775 nm. The corresponding concentration of tannins
against respective absorbance was determined as
tannic acid using the calibration curve. The statistical
analysis for checking the uniformity in different
brands was also performed.
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In addition to our work on standardization of
ayurvedic eye drop, we decided to determine the
tannin and tannin like compounds in our study. The
tannin content in some ayurvedic eye drops was
estimated spectrophotometrically by Folin-Denis
method. The method is based on oxidation of the
molecules containing a phenolic hydroxyl group.
The tannin and tannin- like compounds reduce
phosphotungungustomolybdic acid in alkaline solution
to produce a highly coloured blue solution; the
intensity of which is proportional to the amount of
tannin and can be estimated against standard tannic
acid solution at wavelength of 775 nm2.
acid. The absorption maxima and Beer ’s law were
noted (Table 1). The linear correlation between these
concentration (x-axis) and absorbance (y-axis) were
graphically presented and the slope (b), intercept (a)
and coefÞcient correlation(r) were calculated out for
linear equation (Y =bx + c) by regression analysis
using the least square method3.
Three Ayurvedic eye drops branded (A, B, C) were
procured from market. All the brands selected contain
aqueous extract of Haritaki (Terminalia chabula),
Vibhitaki (Terminalia belerica) and Amla (Emblica
officinalis) as a principle source of tannin. These
brands were estimated for their tannin contents
against standard tannic acid solution on UV/Vis
spectrophotometer (Shimadzu 2401). One centimeter
matched quartz cell was used for the study. All
the chemicals used were of AR grade. Folin-Denis
Reagent and saturated sodium carbonate solution were
prepared in laboratory. Working standard solution of
tannic acid which was procured from Hi-Media, was
prepared by dissolving 100 mg tannic acid in 100
ml distilled water in volumetric ßask. One millilitre
of this solution was diluted to 100 ml in distilled
water, in another volumetric ßask to give 10 µg/ml
tannic acid solutions. Calibration curve from standard
solution of tannic acid was prepared and with the help
of this curve the tannin contents of ayurvedic eye
drop was estimated. The method was validated for
precision and accuracy.
A series of calibrated 10 ml volumetric flask were
taken and appropriate aliquots of the working standard
solution of the tannic acid were added. To each ßask
was added Folin-Denis reagent (0.5 ml), sodium
carbonate solution (1 ml) and distilled water (up to
10 ml). The absorbance for so formed blue coloured
complex was measured at absorption maxima 775
nm within 30 min of the reaction against the reagent
blank prepared in similar manner without the tannic
July - August 2007
The method was validated for precision and accuracy
by performing the recovery studies at two levels by
adding known amount of tannic acid to herbal eye
drop (1.0 ml) of which the tannin content had been
estimated previously (A-420.00, B-918.00 and C274.49 µg/ml). The data obtained were recorded and
recoveries were calculated.
The calibration curve for tannic acid was found to
be linear in the range of 5-45 µg/ml. The correlation
coefÞcient (0.991) indicates the good linearity between
the concentration and the absorbance.
Recovery studies were performed at two levels by
taking known quantities of tannic acid with estimated
quantity of tannic acid in ayurvedic eye drop. The
method was validated for precision and accuracy by
TABLE 1: OPTICAL CHARACTERISTIC, STATISTICAL
REGRESSION DATA AND VALIDATION PARAMETER
FOR TANNIC ACID COMPLEX
Parameter
Absorption maxima
Beer’s law limit (µg/ml)
Regression equation Y= a+bx
Intercept (a)
Slope (b)
Correlation coefÞcient (r)
Precision (n=3, % RSD)
Accuracy (%)
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Values
775 nm
5-45
Y= 0.0061x
0.00
0.0061
R2 = 0.9915
A= 0.31
B= 0.20
C= 0.97
A= 99.10
B= 99.08
C= 99.30
575
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918.00±2.639
100
99.41
0.067
from 1st January 2003. Hence, now these preparations
have to be tested for the identity, purity, potency,
safety and efÞcacy so that they would gain universal
acceptance4. In the light of the above, the present
study can be used as one of the parameters for
standardization during the routine quality control of
Ayurvedic eye drops.
270.49±0.782
100
99.21
0.071
REFERENCES
TABLE 2: ESTIMATION OF TANNIN CONTENT OF
HERBAL EYE DROP PREPARATIONS AND RECOVERY
STUDIES
Sample
Brand –A
(Eye tone,
Himayala)
Brand –B
(Itis, Dey’s
Medical)
Brand –C
(Opticare,
Ozone
Ayurvedics)
Tannin content Tannin added
(µg/ml) *±SD
µg/ml
420.00±1.391
100
%
Recovery
99.10
RSD %
0.084
1.
*Mean±SD of three determinations
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2.
3.
Mitra, S.K., Sundaram, M.V., Venkataranganna., V., Gopumadhavan, S.,
Prakash, N.S., Jayaram, H.D. and Dixit, N.K., Phytomedicine, 2000,
7, 123.
Jain, U.K. and Dixit, V.K., Indian Drugs, 2004, 41, 469.
Conners, K.A., A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 3rd Edn., A
Wiley–Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1999,
595.
Sane, R.T., Indian Drugs, 2002, 39, 184.
repeating the experiment three times at both the levels.
The average percentage recoveries of three brands are
(99.10, 99.41, and 99.21) is also satisfactory indicating
the good accuracy of the method (Table 2).
4.
Accepted 28 July 2007
Revised 13 February 2007
Received 5 April 2006
Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2007, 69 (4): 574-576
Now a day’s most of the ayurvedic formulations are
lacking in defined quality control parameters. FDA
has made the quality control and GMP mandatory for
ayurvedic formulation, which has been implemented
Phytochemical Examination of Prosopis cineraria L.
(Druce) Leaves
ARCHANA MALIK AND S. B. KALIDHAR*
Department of Chemistry, Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar - 125 004, India.
The phytochemical studies on the leaves of Prosopis cineraria resulted in isolation of methyl docosanoate,
diisopropyl-9,10–dihydroxyicosane-1,20-dioate, tricosan-1-ol and 7,24-tirucalladien-3-one. While diisopropyl10,11-dihydroxyicosane-1,20-dioate is a hitherto unreported compound, methyl docosanoate, tricosan-1-ol
and 7,24-tirucalladien-3-one are being reported for the first time from P. cineraria. These compounds have been
characterized on the basis of spectral and other data.
Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce (Syn. P. spicigera L.)
(fam: Leguminosae, subfam: Mimosaceae) is prickly
tree or shrub and commonly found in dry and arid
regions of north-western India, southern India,
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and Arabia1. Leaves and
pods are extensively used as fodder for cattle, camels
and goats.
Prosopis species have also been extensively used in
*For correspondence
E-mail: [email protected]
576
indigenous system of medicine as folk remedy for
various ailments1,2 like leprosy, dysentery, bronchitis,
asthma, leucoderma, piles, muscular tremors and
wandering of the mind. It is also known to possess
anthelmintic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral,
anticancer and several other pharmacological
properties. Leaf paste of P. cineraria is applied
on boils and blisters, including mouth ulcers in
livestock and leaf infusion on open sores on the
skin3-6. The smoke of the leaves is considered good
for eye troubles. Jewers et al. have studied the
Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
July - August 2007