JAN 21–APR 23 2017
PRESS
RELEASE
Press Contact
Rachel Eggers
Manager of Public Relations
[email protected]
206.654.3151
AUGUST 4, 2016
JACOB LAWRENCE: THE MIGRATION SERIES OPENS AT
SEATTLE ART MUSEUM JANUARY 21
Epic narrative series brought together for exclusive West Coast
viewing thanks to major loan from The Museum of Modern of Art
and The Phillips Collection
SEATTLE, WA – In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of artist Jacob
Lawrence’s birth, the Seattle Art Museum presents Jacob Lawrence: The
Migration Series (January 21–April 23, 2017). Thanks to a major loan from The
Museum of Modern of Art in New York (MoMA) and The Phillips Collection in
Washington, DC, all 60 panels of Lawrence’s masterwork The Migration Series—
depicting the exodus of African Americans from the rural south between World
War I and World War II—will be shown together for the first time in more than
two decades on the West Coast.
ABOUT THE EXHIBITION
In 1941, Jacob Lawrence, then just 23 years old and living in Harlem, completed
a series of 60 paintings about the Great Migration, the mass movement of
African Americans from the rural South to the urban North in the decades
between World War I and World War II. This was his community’s story, told in
images and words in poignant detail. Lawrence’s epic work stands as a
landmark in the history of modern art that remains relevant today.
Lawrence exhibited the series at the famous Downtown Gallery in Manhattan in
1941. Two institutions expressed interest in the series, and it was divided
between them: the Phillips acquired the odd-numbered panels, and MoMA
acquired the even-numbered panels.
The Phillips Collection is exhibiting the complete series this fall (October 8,
2016–January 8, 2017), and MoMA did so last year (April 3–September 7, 2015),
bringing new attention to this important work more than 75 years since its
creation. The two museums agreed to lend the combined series to the Seattle
Art Museum so that it could be seen in Lawrence’s other home city. Jacob
Lawrence and his wife, artist Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence, moved to Seattle in
1971 when Jacob accepted a position at the University of Washington, where he
taught until he retired in 1986.
Lawrence conceived of The Migration Series as a single work of art, painting on
all 60 panels at the same time to achieve unity of form and color. The complete
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work appears like a large mural painting, an art form that Lawrence admired
and that gained new attention in the late 1930s and 1940s, thanks to
government sponsorship and the role that public art was given in bringing the
US out of the Great Depression.
Fittingly, SAM will install the series like a mural on the walls of its Gwendolyn
Knight & Jacob Lawrence Gallery, which was created to honor their enduring
gifts to the city. The Lawrences were generous supporters of the museum and
the arts throughout the region—an immense legacy that continues to this day.
“We are deeply honored to present this extraordinary series in its entirety,” says
Kimerly Rorschach, SAM’s Illsley Ball Nordstrom Director and CEO. “We’re
grateful to MoMA and the Phillips for making this possible.” Adds Patricia
Junker, SAM’s Ann M. Barwick Curator of American Art, “The Migration Series is
a revelatory monument of early modern American art. Now is an extraordinary
moment to return to it—the themes of social justice it explores are timeless.”
“It is fitting and timely that Jacob Lawrence, great American Painter, be
celebrated by those of us who knew and loved him,” says Barbara Earl Thomas,
artist and Vice President of the Jacob and Gwendolyn Lawrence Foundation.
“But even more exciting is to know that generations of young people will have
their first glimpse of his work, as they step into an epic story of American
history, told in a cinematic sweep by a master painter full of passionate
humanity.”
JACOB LAWRENCE – BIOGRAPHY
Jacob Lawrence was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1917. His parents
migrated from the American South to the North during World War I.
He was one of the first African American artists to be represented by a major
commercial gallery and the first to receive sustained mainstream recognition in
the United States. He exhibited regularly in New York throughout the 1940s,
1950s, and early 1960s, when many other African American artists were denied
professional consideration.
Lawrence is perhaps most widely known for The Migration of the Negro, later
renamed The Migration Series, an epic narrative series of 60 paintings that he
completed in 1941 at the age of 23. Throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s,
Lawrence committed himself to commissions, especially limited edition prints
and murals.
Today, he has been the subject of many major retrospective exhibitions and his
work is represented in hundreds of museum collections, including the Art
Institute of Chicago, the National Gallery of Art, the Brooklyn Museum of Art,
the Studio Museum in Harlem, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Museum of
Modern Art, and The Phillips Collection.
A devoted teacher most of his life, Lawrence accepted a tenured position at the
University of Washington in Seattle in 1971 and retired as a professor emeritus
in 1986.
Lawrence was actively painting until several weeks before his death on June 9,
2000.
EXHIBITION ORGANIZATION AND SUPPORT
Exhibition of the entire Migration Series is made possible by generous loans of
collected works from The Museum of Modern Art and The Phillips Collection.
PROGRAMMING & EVENTS
SAM will present programs and events related to the exhibition with details to
be announced at a later date. Many will be in partnership with other local
organizations as part of a city-wide celebration of Lawrence’s centennial.
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As part of these celebrations, Meany Center for the Performing Arts will
present, in partnership with The Philips Collection, the Seattle debut of The
Migration: Reflections on Jacob Lawrence, performed by Step Afrika! (February
16–18, 2017). The evening-length work integrates projections of the painter’s 60panel masterpiece with rhythmic footsteps, body percussion, and spoken word
to create a multi-media dance performance chronicling the early 20th-century
exodus of African Americans from the rural south. A pop-up edition of the
performance will also take place at the Seattle Art Museum on February 18. For
more information, please visit MeanyCenter.org.
Image credits: The Migration Series, Panel no. 3: From every southern town migrants left by the hundreds to travel north, between
1940 and 1941, Jacob Lawrence, American, 1917–2000, casein tempera on hardboard 12 x 18 in., Acquired 1942, The Phillips Collection,
Washington, D.C. © 2016 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel no. 12: The railroad stations were at times so over-packed with people leaving that special guards had to
be called in to keep order, between 1940 and 1941, Jacob Lawrence, American, 1917–2000, casein tempera on hardboard 12 x 18 in.,
Museum of Modern Art, New York, Gift of Mrs. David M. Levy. © 2016 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation,
Seattle / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
ABOUT SEATTLE ART MUSEUM
As the leading visual art institution in the Pacific Northwest, SAM draws on its global collections,
powerful exhibitions, and dynamic programs to provide unique educational resources benefiting the
Seattle region, the Pacific Northwest, and beyond. SAM was founded in 1933 with a focus on Asian
art. By the late 1980s the museum had outgrown its original home, and in 1991 a new 155,000square-foot downtown building, designed by Robert Venturi, Scott Brown & Associates, opened to
the public. The 1933 building was renovated and reopened as the Asian Art Museum. SAM’s desire
to further serve its community was realized in 2007 with the opening of two stunning new facilities:
the nine-acre Olympic Sculpture Park (designed by Weiss/Manfredi Architects)—a “museum
without walls,” free and open to all—and the Allied Works Architecture designed 118,000-squarefoot expansion of its main, downtown location, including 232,000 square feet of additional space
built for future expansion.
From a strong foundation of Asian art to noteworthy collections of African and Oceanic art,
Northwest Coast Native American art, European and American art, and modern and contemporary
art, the strength of SAM’s collection of more than 25,000 objects lies in its diversity of media,
cultures and time periods.
PRESS
RELEASE
Press Contact
Rachel Eggers
Manager of Public Relations
[email protected]
206.654.3151
JANUARY 24, 2017
SEATTLE ART MUSEUM PRESENTS PROGRAMS AND
EVENTS FOR JACOB LAWRENCE: THE MIGRATION
SERIES
Highlights include a talk by Pulitzer Prize-winning author Isabel
Wilkerson and the return of the Complex Exchange series
The Migration Series, Panel 18:
The migration gained in momentum.
Author Isabel Wilkerson
SEATTLE, WA – The Seattle Art Museum and local community partners present
a series of programs and events related to Jacob Lawrence: The Migration
Series. Commemorating the 100th anniversary of Jacob Lawrence’s birth, the
exhibition brings together all 60 panels of Lawrence’s masterwork—depicting
the exodus of African Americans from the rural south between World War I and
World War II—for the first time in more than two decades on the West Coast.
SAM’s dynamic lineup of events includes a talk by Pulitzer Prize winner Isabel
Wilkerson, author of the award-winning book on the Great Migration, The
Warmth of Other Suns. Complex Exchange, a partnership between Seattle Art
Museum and Northwest African American Museum (NAAM), returns; this
recurring series pairs Seattle community members in conversations about
themes inspired by an exhibition.
Other highlights include drop-in art-making sessions led by artist Eve Sanford
and tours featuring community members sharing personal stories related to
migration and immigration.
SAM PROGRAMS & EVENTS RELATED TO THE MIGRATION SERIES
Public tours, as well as programs for educators and school groups, will be
offered in addition to the following public and family programs. Details are
subject to change; additional programs or events may be added. For the most
up-to-date information on Migration Series programs and events, visit SAM’s
website.
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Sat Jan 31–Sun Apr 23
SAM Members Get In Free To NAAM and Wing Luke During The Migration
Series
As part of a special collaboration, Seattle Art Museum members will get in free
to the Northwest African American Museum (NAAM) and the Wing Luke
Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience during the run of the
Migration Series exhibition. Both museums will have exhibitions on view that
relate to the themes expressed in the Jacob Lawrence exhibition. SAM
members simply need to present their SAM membership card to gain free
entrance.
Thu Feb 2, Thu Mar 2, Thu Apr 6
Migration Stories
6:30–7 pm
Seattle Art Museum
Every First Thursday, community members share personal stories of migration,
immigration, place, and home. Free and open to the public.
Thu Feb 2, Thu Mar 2, Thu Apr 6
The Migration Series: Drop-In Art-Making Sessions
6:30–8:30 pm
Seattle Art Museum
Visit SAM on First Thursdays during the exhibition for a free drop-in art-making
session led by artist Eve Sanford. Free and open to the public.
Thu Feb 2
Teen Art Lab
4:30–6:30 pm
Seattle Art Museum
This edition of Teen Art Lab takes a deep dive into Jacob Lawrence’s Migration
Series. Tour the exhibition, explore its themes, and experiment with Lawrence’s
bold technique in creating these iconic images. Free with registration.
Support for teen programs is provided by Hearst Foundations.
Fri Feb 3
First Friday Lecture
11 am–noon
Seattle Art Museum
Join Patricia Junker, Ann M. Barwick Curator of American Art, as she discusses
Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series. Free and open to the public.
Thu Feb 9
Migration Stories Open Mic
6:30–7 pm
Seattle Art Museum
The Migration Stories Open Mic invites community members and guests to
share their own stories of immigration, migration, displacement, and
community. Free and open to the public.
Sun Feb 19
Step Afrika! The Migration: Reflections on Jacob Lawrence
1–2 pm
Seattle Art Museum
In collaboration with Meany Center for the Performing Arts, professional dance
company Step Afrika! blends percussive dance styles historically practiced by
African American fraternities and sororities, African traditional dance, and
influences from a variety of other dance and art forms. In this pop-up
performance, the company will perform creative excerpts of their work inspired
by Jacob Lawrence and the Great Migration. Free and open to the public; RSVP
requested.
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Thu Mar 23
Complex Exchange (Part 1 of 2)
7–9 pm
Northwest African American Museum
SAM and NAAM’s recurring series Complex Exchange pairs Seattle community
members from a variety of disciplines in conversations to tackle themes
inspired by an exhibition. This edition will include two free programs, one held
at the Northwest African American Museum on March 23 to discuss An Elegant
Utility, and one held at the Seattle Art Museum on April 12 to discuss Jacob
Lawrence: The Migration Series. Presenters TBA.
Sponsored by Starbucks Coffee Company.
Wed Mar 29
SAM Talks: Isabel Wilkerson and the Great Migration
7–8:30 pm
Seattle Art Museum
Isabel Wilkerson, author of the bestselling and award-winning masterwork, The
Warmth of Other Suns, chronicles one of the greatest untold stories of
American history: the decades-long migration of black citizens who fled the
South for northern and western cities in search of a better life. For more
information on this speaker, please visit www.prhspeakers.com.
Wed Apr 12
Complex Exchange (Part 2 of 2)
7–9 pm
Seattle Art Museum
SAM and NAAM’s recurring series Complex Exchange pairs Seattle community
members from a variety of disciplines in conversations to tackle themes
inspired by an exhibition. This edition will include two free programs, one held
at the Northwest African American Museum on March 23 to discuss An Elegant
Utility, and one held at the Seattle Art Museum on April 12 to discuss Jacob
Lawrence: The Migration Series. Presenters TBA.
Sponsored by Starbucks Coffee Company.
COMMUNITY EVENTS RELATED TO THE MIGRATION SERIES
Seattle-area community partners present exhibitions, events, and performances
related to themes found in the epic narrative series.
Sun Jan 8–Sat Feb 18
Truth B Told
ONYX Fine Arts
More than 150 paintings, sculpture, photography, mixed-media, video, and 3dimensional installations by 48 Northwest artists of African descent.
Sat Jan 28–Sun May 28
An Elegant Utility
Northwest African American Museum
Featuring a collection of artifacts—including photographs, utilitarian household
belongings, and legal ledgers—An Elegant Utility examines how the personal
history of artist Inye Wokoma’s familial lineage, the Green family, serves as an
entry point through which the larger story of African-Americans in Seattle is
reflected.
Wed Feb 1–Sat Mar 4
Utopia Neighborhood Club: A Student Response Part II — The Jake Legacy
Residency
Jacob Lawrence Gallery | University of Washington
Three students—Yabsira Wolde, Brianna Wray, Bobby Yin—will each spend one
week creating new work, presenting programs, and conducting workshops in a
portion of the Gallery. This will be followed by a two-week group exhibition of
student work organized by students Zachary Bowling and Jessica Capó.
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Wed Feb 1–Sat Mar 4
Utopia Neighborhood Club: Jacob Lawrence: The Legend of John Brown +
Other Works
Jacob Lawrence Gallery | University of Washington
Lawrence came to Seattle to teach at the University in 1971 after an already
illustrious, barrier-shattering career in the arts. He was a professor at the school
until 1985, serving as Professor Emeritus until his death in 2000. This exhibition
highlights Lawrence’s mastery of various printmaking techniques.
Thu Feb 16–Sat Feb 18
Step Afrika! The Migration: Reflections on Jacob Lawrence
8 pm
Meany Hall | University of Washington
Meany Center for the Performing Arts presents professional dance company
Step Afrika! making its Seattle debut with this evening-length work integrating
projections of the painter’s 60-panel masterpiece, The Migration Series, with
rhythmic footsteps, body percussion, and spoken word to create a multimedia
performance chronicling the early 20th century exodus of African Americans
from the rural south.
Sat Feb 18, 2017–Sun Feb 11, 2018
Year of Remembrance: Glimpses of a Forever Foreigner
Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience
This exhibition features poems by Lawrence Matsuda and artwork by Roger
Shimomura. Year of Remembrance recognizes the 75th anniversary of
Executive Order 9066, which was issued by President Franklin D. Roosevelt and
resulted in the forced removal and incarceration of 120,000 Japanese and
Japanese Americans.
Sat Feb 18
Artist Talk and Poetry Reading With Roger Shimomura and Lawrence Matsuda
4–5:30 pm
Wing Luke Museum of the Asian Pacific American Experience
Meet Roger Shimomura and Lawrence Matsuda as they examine their works
that interpret and reflect on the incarceration of Japanese Americans during
WWII and relate them to contemporary times. This program is in conjunction
with the exhibition, Year of Remembrance: Glimpses of a Forever Foreigner.
SAM members will enjoy the Wing Luke Museum member price for this
Saturday afternoon program.
Tue Feb 21
Community Conversation: Immigrant Journeys
7–8:30 pm
Museum of History & Industry (MOHAI)
Presented in partnership with MOHAI, KCTS journalist Enrique Cerna moderates
an important community conversation about the personal experiences of King
County’s immigrants and refugees, and their contributions to Puget Sound's
creative spirit, culture, and economy. But in this time of change, how do they
now view the future?
Sat Mar 11 and Sun Mar 12
Dance Theatre of Harlem
8–11 pm
Paramount Theatre
STG Presents Dance Theatre of Harlem, performing an eclectic, demanding
repertoire of treasured classics, cutting-edge contemporary works, and works
that use the language of ballet to celebrate African American culture.
Ongoing
Where I’m Bound: African Americans and Migration in Art and Life
Online | Seattle Public Library
Discover the history behind the images in Lawrence’s masterwork with the
Seattle Public Library’s Shelf Talk blog post and resource list, Where I’m Bound:
African Americans and Migration in Art and Life.
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REGISTERING AND PURCHASING TICKETS FOR SAM PROGRAMS
Advance registration or ticket purchase is required for SAM public programs.
To register or purchase tickets, visit seattleartmuseum.org or call the Box Office
at 206.654.3121.
EXHIBITION ORGANIZATION AND SUPPORT
This exhibition is made possible thanks to the generous loan of the entire series
from The Museum of Modern Art, New York, and The Phillips Collection,
Washington, D.C.
Presenting Sponsor
Major Sponsors
Matthew P. Bergman
Additional Support
Allan and Mary Kollar
Special thanks to the Jacob and Gwendolyn Lawrence Foundation for its
support of this exhibition.
Programming for Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series supported by The Paul
G. Allen Family Foundation Creative Leadership Award in honor of Sandra
Jackson-Dumont.
Image credit: The Migration Series, Panel 18: The migration gained in momentum., 1940–41, Jacob
Lawrence, American, 1917–2000, casein tempera on hardboard, 18 x 12 in., Gift of Mrs. David M. Levy, The
Museum of Modern Art, © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource, NY, © 2016 The
Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle / Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
Photo credit: Joe Henson.
ABOUT SEATTLE ART MUSEUM
As the leading visual art institution in the Pacific Northwest, SAM draws on its global
collections, powerful exhibitions, and dynamic programs to provide unique
educational resources benefiting the Seattle region, the Pacific Northwest, and
beyond. SAM was founded in 1933 with a focus on Asian art. By the late 1980s the
museum had outgrown its original home, and in 1991 a new 155,000-square-foot
downtown building, designed by Robert Venturi, Scott Brown & Associates, opened
to the public. The 1933 building was renovated and reopened as the Asian Art
Museum in 1994. SAM’s desire to further serve its community was realized in 2007
with the opening of two stunning new facilities: the nine-acre Olympic Sculpture
Park (designed by Weiss/Manfredi Architects)—a “museum without walls,” free and
open to all—and the Allied Works Architecture designed 118,000-square-foot
expansion of its main, downtown location, including 232,000 square feet of
additional space built for future expansion.
From a strong foundation of Asian art to noteworthy collections of African and
Oceanic art, Northwest Coast Native American art, European and American art, and
modern and contemporary art, the strength of SAM’s collection of approximately
25,000 objects lies in its diversity of media, cultures and time periods.
SELECTED
IMAGES
IMAGE
CAPTION
The Migration Series, Panel 3: From every
southern town migrants left by the
hundreds to travel north., 1940–41, Jacob
Lawrence, American, 1917–2000, casein
tempera on hardboard 12 x 18 in., Acquired
1942, The Phillips Collection, Washington,
D.C., © 2016 The Jacob and Gwendolyn
Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle /
Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 12: The railroad
stations were at times so over-packed with
people leaving that special guards had to
be called in to keep order., 1940–41, Jacob
Lawrence, American, 1917–2000, casein
tempera on hardboard, 12 x 18 in., Gift of
Mrs. David M. Levy, The Museum of
Modern Art, © The Museum of Modern
Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource,
NY, © 2016 The Jacob and Gwendolyn
Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle /
Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 18: The
migration gained in momentum., 1940–41,
Jacob Lawrence, American, 1917–2000,
casein tempera on hardboard, 18 x 12 in.,
Gift of Mrs. David M. Levy, The Museum of
Modern Art, © The Museum of Modern
Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource,
NY, © 2016 The Jacob and Gwendolyn
Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle /
Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 22: Another of
the social causes of the migrants' leaving
was that at times they did not feel safe, or
it was not the best thing to be found on
the streets late at night. They were
arrested on the slightest provocation.,
1940–41, Jacob Lawrence, American, 1917–
2000, casein tempera on hardboard, 12 x
18 in., Gift of Mrs. David M. Levy, The
Museum of Modern Art, © The Museum of
Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art
Resource, New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 23: The
migration spread., 1940–41, Jacob
Lawrence, American, 1917–2000, casein
tempera on hardboard, 12 x 18 in.,
Acquired 1942, The Phillips Collection,
Washington, D.C., © 2016 The Jacob and
Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation,
Seattle / Artists Rights Society (ARS),
New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 40: The
migrants arrived in great numbers., 1940–
41, Jacob Lawrence, American, 1917–2000,
casein tempera on hardboard, 12 x 18 in.,
Gift of Mrs. David M. Levy, The Museum of
Modern Art, © The Museum of Modern
Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource,
NY, © 2016 The Jacob and Gwendolyn
Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle /
Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 45: The
migrants arrived in Pittsburgh, one of the
great industrial centers of the North.,
1940–41, Jacob Lawrence, American, 1917–
2000, casein tempera on hardboard, 12 x
18 in., Acquired 1942, The Phillips
Collection, Washington, D.C., © 2016 The
Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence
Foundation, Seattle / Artists Rights
Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 49: They found
discrimination in the North. It was a
different kind., 1940–41, Jacob Lawrence,
American, 1917–2000, casein tempera on
hardboard, 18 x 12 in., Acquired 1942, The
Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C., ©
2016 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight
Lawrence Foundation, Seattle / Artists
Rights Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 51: African
Americans seeking to find better housing
attempted to move into new areas. This
resulted in the bombing of their new
homes., 1940–41, Jacob Lawrence,
American, 1917–2000, casein tempera on
hardboard, 18 x 12 in., Acquired 1942, The
Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C., ©
2016 The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight
Lawrence Foundation, Seattle / Artists
Rights Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 52: One of the
largest race riots occurred in East St.
Louis., 1940–41, Jacob Lawrence,
American, 1917–2000, casein tempera on
hardboard, 12 x 18 in., Gift of Mrs. David M.
Levy, The Museum of Modern Art, © The
Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by
SCALA / Art Resource, NY, © 2016 The
Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence
Foundation, Seattle / Artists Rights
Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 55: The
migrants, having moved suddenly into a
crowded and unhealthy environment, soon
contracted tuberculosis. The death rate
rose., 1940–41, Jacob Lawrence, American,
1917–2000, casein tempera on hardboard,
12 x 18 in., Acquired 1942, The Phillips
Collection, Washington, D.C., © 2016 The
Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence
Foundation, Seattle / Artists Rights
Society (ARS), New York.
The Migration Series, Panel 58: In the
North the African American had more
educational opportunities., 1940–41, Jacob
Lawrence, American, 1917–2000, casein
tempera on hardboard, 12 x 18 in., Gift of
Mrs. David M. Levy, The Museum of
Modern Art, © The Museum of Modern
Art/Licensed by SCALA / Art Resource,
NY, © 2016 The Jacob and Gwendolyn
Knight Lawrence Foundation, Seattle /
Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York.