STAAR REVIEW
ANSWERS...
Exploration/Colonization Era
ONLevel…
Did you know?
In
1607
Jamestown, VA was founded. It was the first successful English
Colony. John Smith was the leader.. No he did not marry Pocohantas. Economic
opportunity… NOT religious freedom.
In
1620 Plymouth, MA was founded for religious freedom.
Becomes a Puritan Colony. Mayflower Compact/first form of
self government
Important
People/Colonization/exploration
Zenger: John Peter Zenger: wrote negatively about gov’t in newspaper. Was
arrested, tried, found guilty. A good example of need to protect freedom of the
press.
Roger Williams:
William Penn:
founder of RI, Religious Freedom
founder of PA, Quakers, Religious Freedom, accepting and
diverse
Thomas Hooker:
Connecticut
Founder of CN, Wrote Fundamental Orders of
Concepts: Exploration/Colonization
Mercantilism: colonies exist to to benefit Mother country(England)
colonies/raw materials
England/manufactured goods
Triangular Trade Route: Trade routes between England, Africa & New World for
goods and slaves
Transatlantic Slave Trade: route across Atlantic Ocean to sell slaves betwen
Great Awakening: Religious Revival in which many new churches were founded
in the US. Jonathan Edwards is considered to be the leader of the Great
Awakening.
New England and Middle Colonies
●
Cold, humid, Rocky thin soil
●
Mild, rich soil, humid
●
Fishing, whaling, shipping,
shipbuilding, lumber
●
Agricultural: wheat, barley, oats, bran
●
Quakers, Jews, English, Dutch,
DIVERSE
●
Puritans
●
Religious freedom
●
John Winthrop
INDUSTRY NOT AGRICULTURE!!!
● Religious freedom, profit
Dutch...Profit… Quakers...Religious Freedom
●
William Penn, Duke of York
Southern Colonies
●
Warm, long growing season, humid,
rich soil
●
Cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigo,
cotton
●
English, Scots-Irish, Anglican
●
Money, money, money Profit
●
Oglethorpe, Carteret, John Smith … no
he did not marry Pocahantas!! She
married John Rolfe! Tobacco
Entrepreneur!
$$$
Colonization Terms and Movements
Joint-stock company: people paid money for travel, and
expenses for others to the New World and took a share of all
profits made
Proprietary colony: land given by King to a specific group
people to govern themselves.
Royal colony: governed by someone appointed by the
monarch
Reformation: time of reform of the Catholic religion; led to
many different protestant churches
Enlightenment: time characterized by dramatic revolutions in
science, philosophy, society and politics
Great Awakening: religious revival in which many new
churches were founded in the U.S. /Johathon Edwards
Pilgrims: separatist group that wanted to get away from the
English church and founded Plymouth
Puritans: wanted to get away from the English church and
founded MA
Great Migration: 15,000 Puritans came to the New World for
religious freedom settled in MA
Quakers: non-violent religious group seeking religious
freedom, settled in PA
Navigation Acts: laws passed by England to stop trade
between the colonies and any other foreign nation but
England.
Important People/Images
Samuel Adams: leader of the Sons of Liberty
Thomas Paine: author of Common Sense wanted IND
Crispus Attucks: first to die
Wentworth Cheswell AA: fought in the battle of
Saratoga; same midnight ride as Paul Revere
John Adams: founding father, signer of the Dec of Ind
Abigail Adams: suffragist, Remember the Ladies letter
Ben Franklin: Founding father, signer of Dec of Ind
Patrick Henry:
Marquise de Lafayette: helped fight for Ind, French
Bernardo de Galvez: Spanish leader who helped in
Ind
Haym Salomon: Jewish financier of the Rev; Polish Jew
Founding Father; wanted independence
Mercy Otis Warren: writer and supported for Ind.
who spied for Americans
James Armistead: AA spy for Washington; spied on
Cornwallis’ camp
John Paul Jones: father of the Navy
Revolutionary War: 1775-1783
.
Who: Washington, King George III, General Cornwallis
Where: Lexington and Concord, Battle of Saratoga, Valley Forge, Yorktown
Why: to gain independence from Great Britain; no taxation without representation
How: home turf advantage; help from the French and the Spanish
Significance: America won it’s independence, gained land from the Atlantic to the Mississippi R. Britain
acknowledged the U.S as an independent country
Docs and Government
Magna Carta:
Document limiting the king (therefore limiting government) providing rights to the people,
specifically trial by jury
Virginia House of Burgesses: First legislative gov’t in the colonies
Mayflower Compact: First form of self-government
Government and Docs
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:
First constitution in the colonies; made CN a democratic state. “First Democracy in
America”
English Bill of Rights:
First form of rights for the people including trial by jury
Declaration of Independence: Influenced by John Locke’s
“natural rights” life, liberty, property; declared our Ind from
Britain to the world giving our reasons for the split
Articles of Confederation: First gov’t of the U.S.; weak and ineffective; couldn’t tax therefore couldn’t pay military; Positive:
could make treaties
Constitution: Our current government, including purpose of government and different branches
Federalist Papers:
Papers written by the Federalists to convince people to ratify the constitution
Bill of Rights: Individual rights of the people
Compromises
Virginia Plan:
representation based on
population
New Jersey: 1 equal
votes per state
Great:
Senate 2 equal votes per
state, House of Rep based on population
3/5:
3 out of 5 counted as one person for population for house of reps
Constitution and amendments
Federalists: Adams, Madison, Hamilton
wanted the Constitution
Anti-Fed: George Mason, Patrick Henry, Jefferson didn’t want the Constitution; wanted a Bill of Rights
Ratification: approval (in this case approval for the Constitution)
Preamble: purpose of government
Articles: description of each part of gov’t including branches
Amendments: changes to the constitution
1st ten are the Bill of Rights
Citizenship
Charles de Montesquieu: the idea of separation of powers
Blackstone: gov’t is instituted for the men by men
Citizenship: a legal member of a country
Rights: all citizens should have rights (individual rights in U.S.)
Responsibilities: all citizens have responsibilities to a country; voting, community service, jury duty, obeying laws
Constitution:
Checks and Balances: each branch makes sure the others are working the way they are supposed to.
Federalism: power of government shared between states and federal government
Separation of Powers: split the powers of gov. Into three brances Exec: Pres=enforce, Legislative: House &
Senate=make, Judicial: judges=interpret
Limited Government: placed strict limits on gov’t to protect the people
Republicanism: gov’t where desires of people are represented in gov’t by elected officials.
Popular Sovereignty: govt created by the people to govern themselves
Bill of Rights
1st amendment: freedom of expression=
6th amendment: jury for criminal trial, speedy
trial
Speech, assembly, religion, press, petition
7th amendment: right to jury in civil trial
2nd amendment: Right to bear arms
3rd amendment: NO quartering
8th amendment: no cruel and unusual
punishment or excessive bail
4th amendment: protection from unreasonable
search and seizure.
9th amendment: protection of rights not stated
in the Constitution
5th amendment: grand jury/protection from self
incrimination (I plead the 5th!)
10th amendment: powers not listed go to the
states and people
Early Republic/People
George Washington: 1st pres. Encouraged no
James Madison: 4th Pres/War of 1812/US gets
political parties and isolationism. WHiskey Rebellion
sets precedent for enforcing law under Constitution
internat’l respect/ Dem. Repub.
James Monroe: 5th Pres. Monroe
John Adams: XYZ affair and Alien and Sedition
Acts
Thomas Jefferson: MarburyVs.Madison, Judicial
Review; LA purchase (1803); Embargo Act of 1807
John Marshall: Chief Justice during Marbury V.
Madison Case/Judicial Review
Lewis and Clark:
Doctrine/isolationism/ no new colonies in N. OR
S.America
EARLY REPUBLIC BIG IDEAS/COURT CASES
Judicial Review: Supreme Court reviews
Constitutionality of laws.
Foreign Policy: Isolationism/stay out of our
business and we’ll stay out of yours!
Marbury Vs. Madison: (1803) Supreme Ct. has
right to review all laws made by Congress. Est.
Judicial Review
1812: War of 1812 U.S. vs Britain
Washington’s Farewell Address: Warns against
political parties and wants US to focus on
US/isolationism
Monroe Doctrine: Isolationist/No more colonies
in N. or S. America
Northwest Ordinance (1787): established govt
for NW territory and described how territory
becomes state.
Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott
Key
Battle of New Orleans (A. Jackson)
McCullock Vs. Maryland (1819):state can’t tax a
nat’l bank; increased power of nat’l gov’t
Gibbons Vs. Ogden (1824): fed gov’t has the
power to regulate trade btwn states
Age of Jackson: (1815-1837)
Whig Party: Group opposed Jackson’s policies. Support
states’ rights and Henry Clay’s American System/Leaders
are Clay and Webster.
Andrew Jackson: 7th Pres./hero of Battle of New
Orleans/ordered Trail of Tears/known as “King Andrew
I” for wanting to increase power of fed and executive
branch.
Jacksonian Democracy: idea that as many people as
possible should be able to vote. Got rid of property
requirement.
Bank War: Jackson’s determination to get rid of
National Bank. Gave money to state banks.
Spoils System: system of giving political supporters gov’t
jobs.started by Andrew Jackson
Nullification Crisis: south Carolina threatened to secede
over tariffs. Clay helped find a compromise and SC did
not secede.
Nullify: ignore or make no longer valid
Secession: to break free/away from something
specifically a country
Tariff: tax on imported goods
1832
1828
Tariff of
Abominations
Sequoyah:
Indian
Removal Act
1830
Worcester V.
Georgia
1837
Trail of Tears
Westward Expansion
LA Purchase:land bought in 1803; Rocky Mountains
Manifest Destiny: US was destined to expand from
to Mississippi R. doubled size of US.
Atlantic to Pacific Coast...God given right.
Florida: 1819; given to US by Spain
Oregon Territory:
Texas Annexation: Mexico recognizes Texas as part
of US.
US-Mexican War:US Mexico argue over border. US
invades Mexico. US wins. Rio Grande becomes border.
MX gives up Mexican Cession which completes
Manifest Destiny.
Gadsden Purchase:1853 Land purchased from
Mexico to complete the Transcontinental Railroad.
James K. Polk:Pres. During Mexican War
Expansion of the United States of America
1607-1853
Industrial Revolution
Cumberland Road/Nat’l Road (1811)
Robert Fulton: invented steam engine. Made
transporting/ moving goods and people faster and less
expensive
Eli Whitney: invented cotton gin which increased need
for more slaves; invented interchangeable parts. Made
manufacturing faster, required less skill, and cost of
goods became cheaper.
Factory system: process of adding people and
machines into one building
Erie Canal: (1817)
Transcontinental Railroad: (1869) Railroad line that linked East
Coast with California
Industrialization:large scale intro. Of manufacturing, technical
enterprises, and productive economic activity.
Urbanization:social process where cities grow and societies
become more urban
Invention:
Samuel Slater: Factory system that hired farm families
Francis Cabot Lowell: Factory system that hired young
unmarried girls =the lowell girls.
Free Enterprise System: individuals not gov’t control economy;
people decide what to make, sell, and buy (Alexander Hamilton)
Manufactured Goods:
Transcendentalism:philosophy focusing on spiritual
Age of Reform
Hudson River School Artists:+
Henry David Thoreau: Am. essayist, poet,
philosopher & Transcendentalist. Wrote “Civil
Disobedience”
Susan B. Anthony: leader of women’s suffrage
movement for 50 yrs. To attain = rights for women.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Lucretia Mott: author of
Declaration of Sentiments declaring = rights for
women. Held Seneca Falls Convention
Horace Mann:education reform/only way
democracy works is with literate citizens
Dorothea Dix:Reformer who fought for mentally
ill/wartime nurse during Civil War
rather than material things.
Temperance: social movement against drinking
alcohol led by women and the church.
Suffrage: Right to Vote
Abolition:Social Movement to end slavery; Frederick
Douglass, Sojourner Truth, William Lloyd Garrison,
Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Tubman
Labor: workers begin protesting and striking for better
wages and hours.
Civil Disobedience: passive protest/resistance
2nd Great Awakening(1820s):Religious revival
in 1800s focus on reform and repairing moral
injustice.
Rise of Sectionalism
John Quincy Adams:6th pres./favored strong
fed. Over state’s rights/anti-slavery
the country places its own interests above the country as
a whole.
Slavery: practice of owning people (slaves)
State’s Rights: state’s right to ignore or nullify a
law within it’s borders.
John C. Calhoun:VP, created doctrine of
nullification/favored state’s rights/southern
Henry Clay: “Great Compromiser” created: Missouri
Compromise, Compromise of 1850, Compromise that
ended Nullification Crisis.
Secede: to withdraw
Compromise: agreement or a settlement of a dispute that
Daniel Webster: member of house and senate; known
for debates against Haynes and Calhoun
1850
Missouri
Compromise
Sectionalism: tension btwn N. and S. as each section of
is reached by each side making concessions.
Resolution: action of solving a problem, dispute, or
contentious matter.
1820
Compromise of 1850
1854
1845 Frederick Douglas: Abolitionist
Major Events Leading to the Civil War
1848 Thoreau’s “On the Duty of Civil
Disobedience””
Missouri Compromise 1820: Missouri as slave
state and Maine as free state to maintain
balance. SLAVERY PROHIBITED N. OF
MISSOURI
1849 Harriet Tubman/Underground
Railroad:Conductor on underground railroad
1828 Tariff of Abominations: Increased
sectionalism unfair tariffs that colonist rebelled
against.
1850 Compromise of 1850:preserved balance of
free and slave states. Congress can’t regulate
slavery. CA free state, no slave trade in DC, pop.
sov. In Mexican Session.
1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s
Cabin:portrayed slavery as cruel and morally wrong
1831 William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator:
abolitionist newspaper
1831 Nat Turner’s Rebellion: Slave rebellion that led
to stricter/harsher slave codes due to plantation owners
fears of rebellion. 55-65 whites killed by slaves and 120
slaves and freedmen killed in retaliation by Whites.
1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act:Nebraska divided into 2
territories. Pop. decides whether slavery will be
allowed.
Bleeding Kansas: violent conflict btwn proslavery
and abolition people in Kansas from 1854-1859.
John Brown key abolitionist that murdered slave
supporters.
MORE EVENTS LEADING TO CIVIL WAR
1857 Dred Scott V. Sanford: Ct case said African
Americans were not citizens, Missouri Compromise
unconstitutional; increased sectionalism.
1860 Election of Abe Lincoln: causes SC to
secede from Union.
1858 Lincoln-Douglas Debates:
1861 Attack on Fort Sumter: First battle of Civil
War
1859 John Brown’s Raid: raid on Harper’s Ferry
Civil War: (1861-1865)
North
South
Battle Timeline
Abe Lincoln
Jefferson Davis
Fort Sumter: 1st battle
Ulysses S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
Battle of Antietam: single bloodiest battle
Gen. Sherman
Siege of VIcksburg: Important Union Victory
William Carney & Philip Bazaar: African
Americans that won Medal of Honor for Service
Gettysburg: Union victory/Pickett’s charge is turning
Julia Ward Howe: wrote “Battle Hymn of the
Republic” for Union Army
pt. Gettysburg address was given dedicating cemetary
and explaining purpose of war.
Appomattox Courthouse: Lee surrenders. War
over.
CIVIL WAR: STRATEGY AND SIGNIFICANCE
NORTH
OFFENSIVE
SOUTH
DEFENSIVE
●
●
●
ANACONDA PLAN
TOTAL WAR
ADVANTAGES
Good infrastructure
Est. industry
Est. Army and Navy
Why was it important?
ADVANTAGES
Know land/own turf
Slavery abolished in Union forever
Union restored
13th, 14th, 15th Amendments passed
Grievances
Reconstruction
John Wilkes Booth: Confederate Sympathizer that
Morrill Act (1861): land grant that established colleges
assassinated Pres. Lincoln
like MIT and Texas A&M.
Hiram Rhodes Revels: Am. clergyman/teacher/1st
Homestead Act (1862): law that allowed people
to claim 160 acres in western territories (sooners)
blk. Citizen elected to US Senate. Advocated for
desegregation in schools and on railroads.
Andrew Johnson: Pres. after Lincoln assassination.
Went through impeachment process for violating Tenure
of Office Act. Supported Lincoln’s goals.
Freedman’s Bureau: created to help smooth
transition after Civil War. set up schools, helped feed and
clothe former slaves.
Lincoln Assassinated: 1865 by John Wilkes
Booth
Dawes Act (1887): Indian policy that broke up
reservations into individual land plots & lost
N.Am. citizenship
Reconstruction Cont’d
Reconstruction Amendments:
Black Codes: laws passed to skirt the amendments
13th: abolishes slavery
and prevent former slaves from exercising their rights.
Almost reducing them to slavery again.
14th gives former slaves citizenship
Sharecropping Systems: tenant/landowner system
that creates a cycle of poverty for the tenant.
15th gives voting rights
New South:
Reconstruction Acts: created 5 districts governed by
military; allowed freedmen right to vote; required states to
draft new constitutions giving black men suffrage
(vote);required ratification of 14th amendment to rejoin
Union. Andrew Johnson vetoed, but Congress over rode his
veto.