Developed by Ms. Rida
Types of Data/Evidence
Ethos
Pathos
Logos
Logical Appeal
 Facts
 Statistics
 Analogies
 Definitions
 References to history or the past
 Quotes from experts and


authorities
Cause and effect statements (If…,
then…)
Research results
Ethical
Appeal
Emotional
Appeal
 Is it asking you to do the right thing?  Figurative language that stirs an
audience’s feelings
 Will it help the greater good?
 Advice from author or experts who  Personal stories (aka anecdotes)
know what they are talking/writing  Personal beliefs (“I think”, “I

about
Does the author establish
credibility and trustworthiness?




believe”, “I feel”)
Words, phrases, or images that
evoke fear, excitement, sadness,
joy, etc. (aka Loaded Words)
Threats
Flattery
Calls to action
Argumentative Effect
Evokes a rational, reasonable
response. Can it be proven?
Demonstrates author’s reliability and
competence. Shows respect for the
audience’s ideas and moral values.
Evokes an emotional, sometimes
irrational response.